(Press-News.org) University of Tokyo researchers discovered an increase in a helium isotope during a ten-year period before the 2014 Mount Ontake eruption in central Japan. The finding suggests that this helium isotope anomaly is related to activation of the volcano's magma system and could be a valuable marker for long-term risk mitigation concerning volcanic eruption.
Small quantities of the isotope helium-3 are present in the mantle, while helium-4 is produced in the crust and mantle by radioactive decay. A higher ratio of helium-3 to helium-4 therefore indicates that a sample of helium gas originates from the mantle rather than the crust. Previous research suggested that variation of helium isotopic ratios over time in crater fumaroles and hot springs correlates well with volcanic activity.
However, helium anomalies reported in these studies were all related to magmatic eruptions, and not to hydro-volcanic or phreatic eruptions, caused when a heat source such as magma vaporizes water to steam. Because phreatic eruptions are highly local phenomena, they are extremely difficult to predict. Mount Ontake, which erupted unexpectedly on September 27, 2014 just before noon, is believed to have been a phreatic eruption, and resulted in 58 deaths with 5 still missing.
An international research group lead by Professor Yuji Sano at the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, found that prior to the 2014 eruption, the helium-3 to helium-4 ratio at the hot spring closest to the volcanic cone increased significantly from June 2003 to November 2014, while that at distant hot springs showed no significant change. In addition, the helium isotopic ratios of the closest hot spring remained constant from November 1981 to June 2000.
These findings suggest that helium anomalies are also associated with phreatic eruptions. The research group suggests that increased input of magmatic gas over a ten-year period resulted in the slow pressurization of the volcanic conduit and eventually lead to the eruption.
"We were aware that helium isotopic ratios of the closest hot spring increased significantly from June 2003 to July 2009. At that time we did not understand the reason behind it," recalls Sano. He adds, "Our findings suggest that the anomaly was related to the 2014 eruption and may have been a precursor. Although this new research does not offer a way to predict an eruption in the short-term, it offers a guide that may be useful for long-term risk management and disaster mitigation."
INFORMATION:
Journal article
Yuji Sano, Takanori Kagoshima, Naoto Takahata, Yoshiro Nishio, Emilie Roulleau, Daniele L. Pinti and Tobias P. Fischer, "Ten-year helium anomaly prior to the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption" Scientific Reports 5:13069 2015/08/19
URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13069
DOI:10.1038/srep13069
Collaborating institutions
Department of Geoscience, Taiwan National University
Research and Education Faculty, Kochi University
CEGA, Facultad de Geologia, Universidad de Chile
GEOTOP & Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Links
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
http://www.aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/
Image download
https://webfs.adm.u-tokyo.ac.jp/public/LAD0AA6IwQzAmTEBSkJPHzo5csFy-JeonKhtrh9KUIPS
Research contact
Yuji Sano
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Tel/Fax: +81-4-7136-6067
ysano@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Press officer contact
Yoko Ogawa
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Tel: +81-4-7136-6430
kouhou@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp
About the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
The Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), the University of Tokyo is one of the world's leading research institutes in oceanic and atmospheric science, and is authorized as a Joint Usage/Research Center for Atmosphere and Ocean Science by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. AORI promotes cooperative research in a variety of fields including using the research vessels "Hakuho-maru" and "Shinsei-maru", onshore laboratory facilities, climate system models and so on. It has 71 professors including associate and assistant professors, 55 research scientists, 156 graduate students, 17 technical experts and 20 administration staff.
About the University of Tokyo
The University of Tokyo is Japan's leading university and one of the world's top research universities. The vast research output of some 6,000 researchers is published in the world's top journals across the arts and sciences. Our vibrant student body of around 15,000 undergraduate and 15,000 graduate students includes over 2,000 international students. Find out more at http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/ or follow us on Twitter at @UTokyo_News_en.
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