A new cell type is implicated in epilepsy caused by traumatic brain injury

(Press-News.org) BOSTON (March 11, 2014) — Traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for epilepsy, though the relationship is not understood. A new study in mice, published in Cerebral Cortex, identifies increased levels of a specific neurotransmitter as a contributing factor connecting traumatic brain injury (TBI) to post-traumatic epilepsy. The findings suggest that damage to brain cells called interneurons disrupts neurotransmitter levels and plays a role in the development of epilepsy after a traumatic brain injury.

The research team, led by David Cantu and Chris Dulla, studied the effect of traumatic brain injury on the levels of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cerebral cortex, the portion of the brain associated with higher level functions such as information processing.

Normally, GABA inhibits neurotransmission in the brain, while its precursor, glutamate, stimulates neurotransmission. When the cortex is damaged by brain injury, however, the cells that create GABA, called interneurons, die. This leads to a toxic buildup of glutamate, which overstimulates brain activity. The study identifies this disrupted balance of GABA and glutamate as a factor in increased epileptic brain activity. The findings suggest that traumatic brain injuries cause damage to the interneurons responsible for creating GABA.

"If we can preserve these important cells, we may be able to decrease the negative impacts of traumatic brain injury," said first author David Cantu, Ph.D., a postdoctoral scholar at Tufts University School of Medicine, and member of the NIH-funded Institutional Research Career and Academic Development Awards (IRACDA) Program, Training in Education and Critical Research Skills (TEACRS), at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts. "Interneurons play a critical role in preventing seizures from starting."

"This research increases our basic understanding of the effects of head trauma, particularly for those severe single injuries that can and do happen in military service and contact sports," said Naomi Rosenberg, Ph.D., dean of the Sacker School and vice dean for research at Tufts University School of Medicine. "The IRACDA program provides transformational experiences to outstanding post-doctoral researchers, like David, who want to combine training in research with training in teaching at institutions serving under-represented minorities."

Epilepsy affects more than 2.3 million Americans, according to estimates by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Epilepsy Foundation estimates that 15 to 34 percent of TBI patients have post-traumatic epilepsy while the rate of post-traumatic epilepsy rises to as high as 52 percent among TBI patients who have served in active military roles.

"Millions of Americans experience a TBI every year, often with devastating and life-altering results. A TBI can cause issues with walking, talking, and living independently. Brain injury is the 'signature injury' of those in the military who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan. There are also many sports-related brain injuries. Fall-related injuries can disrupt the brain development of children, and upset the delicate brain systems among the elderly," said senior author Chris Dulla, Ph.D. He is an assistant professor of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine, and member of the Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience program faculties at the Sackler School.

"Our study is an important step in identifying the mechanistic relationship between TBI and post-traumatic epilepsy. The study describes a potential outline of what happens after brain injury to trigger epilepsy, but the neurological causes of how TBI kills interneurons specifically after the initial injury are still unknown. Understanding how brain injury disrupts normal brain function will allow scientists and physicians to develop new treatments and therapies to help people recover from post-traumatic epilepsy," said Cantu.

The work was done in collaboration with Giuseppina Tesco, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of neuroscience at Tufts and member of the neuroscience graduate program faculty at the Sackler School. It is part of the team's larger effort to understand brain injury and epilepsy.

INFORMATION: Additional authors are Kendall Walker, Ph.D., a postdoctoral scholar in the Tesco lab; Lauren Andresen, a Ph.D. student in neuroscience at the Sackler School and member of the Dulla Lab; Amaro Taylor-Weiner, B.S., former lab technician at Tufts; and David Hampton, B.S., a research technician in the Dulla lab.

Research reported in this publication was supported by the Epilepsy Foundation, as well as the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01NS076885. David Cantu was supported by an Institutional Research Career and Academic Development Award (K12GM074869) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH. IRACDA combines traditional post-doctoral research work with mentored teaching experience at institutions that serve under-represented minorities. The Sackler School's TEACRS program is a partnership with the University of Massachusetts, Boston; Pine Manor College, and Bunker Hill Community College.

Giuseppina Tesco's research is supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01AG033016 as well as a grant from the Cure Alzheimer's Fund. This research was also supported via the Tufts Center for Neuroscience Research from NINDS under award number P30NS047243.

Cantu D, Walker K, Andresen L, Taylor-Weiner A, Hampton D, Tesco G, Dulla C. "Traumatic brain injury increases cortical glutamate network activity by compromising GABAergic control." Cerebral Cortex. Published online Mar 7, 2014: doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu041

About Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University are international leaders in innovative medical and population health education and advanced research. Tufts University School of Medicine emphasizes rigorous fundamentals in a dynamic learning environment to educate physicians, scientists, and public health professionals to become leaders in their fields. The School of Medicine and the Sackler School are renowned for excellence in education in general medicine, the biomedical sciences, and public health, as well as for innovative research at the cellular, molecular, and population health level. Ranked among the top in the nation, the School of Medicine is affiliated with six major teaching hospitals and more than 30 health care facilities. Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School undertake research that is consistently rated among the highest in the nation for its effect on the advancement of medical and prevention science.