Eight of nine boys recruited to date onto the trial are alive between 12 and 38 months after treatment, with no SCID-X1-associated infections, the research team reported today in the New England Journal of Medicine. Gene therapy alone generated functioning immune systems in seven of the eight. Genetic studies of the boys' new T-cells, which are critical components of the body's immune system, reveal that the viral vector used to deliver the gene therapy did not lead to an expansion of cells with vector insertions near known cancer-causing genes, raising cautious hopes about the vector's long-term safety. One child died of an overwhelming infection present at the time gene therapy began. Left untreated, boys with SCID-X1 usually die of infection before their first birthday.
The investigators will continue to monitor the patients for any signs of treatment-related leukemia for 15 years. In the prior European trials—which were the first to demonstrate gene therapy's potential to successfully cure a disease—leukemia appeared two to five years after treatment. This outcome was one of several events that together slowed clinical progress in gene therapy for many years.
The modified vector created for the current trial is a self-inactivating gammaretrovirus, designed to deliver its payload effectively while minimizing the chance of inadvertently turning on genes, called oncogenes, that could lead to leukemia.
"Our goal was to take the molecular data from the prior trial and use it to produce a vector that would remain effective and at the same time reduce the risk of leukemia," said David A. Williams, MD, a leader of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's, chief of the Division of Hematology/Oncology and director of clinical and translational research at Boston Children's Hospital, principal investigator for the gene therapy trial's U.S. sites, and corresponding senior author of the NEJM paper. "The efficacy data from our study is clear: The vector does work to correct the disease. And by a surrogate endpoint, we have improved the treatment's safety, although it's too early to say that we've completely eliminated the long-term risk of leukemia."
After a single round of treatment, six of the seven boys for whom the gene therapy was successful had achieved the trial's primary efficacy endpoints—a T-cell count greater than 300 cells per microliter of blood and T-cell proliferation in response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (a test used to measure T-cells' ability to react to pathogens). The seventh boy received a second round of gene therapy and remains healthy despite having relatively low T-cell counts. The eighth surviving patient was successfully treated with a conventional hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cell transplant after gene therapy failed to stimulate T-cell production.
"Only a minority of babies with SCID-X1 have the optimal donor for standard transplant, a brother or sister who is tissue-type matched," said co-lead author Sung-Yun Pai, MD, a pediatric hematologist/oncologist at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's. "For the rest, gene therapy is a therapeutic option that avoids the need to find an alternative donor and avoids complications of allogeneic transplant such as graft-versus-host-disease."
The core question of the trial was whether the new self-inactivating viral vector could safely and successfully shuttle a gene called the IL-2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) subunit into the patients' hematopoietic stem cells. In boys born with SCID-X1, mutations render the IL2RG gene inactive, robbing the children of the ability to produce a functional immune system.
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In addition to Dana-Farber/Boston Children's, Necker Children's Hospital (Paris), Great Ormond Street Hospital (London), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (Cincinnati) and UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital (Los Angeles) are participating in the international clinical trial.
"This trial represents the best in collaborative efforts from a number of the leading gene therapy centers world-wide that allowed us to accomplish its goals in a relatively short period of time," Williams said. "The success of the trial was also critically dependent on funding from the National Institutes of Health."
Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina, PharmD, PhD, of Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital is co-lead author of the study, and Alain Fischer, MD, PhD, also of Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, is co-corresponding senior author. Additional senior authors are: Frederic D. Bushman, PhD, of University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Marina Cavazzana, MD, PhD, of Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital; Alexandra H. Filipovich, MD, of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Donald B. Kohn, MD, of UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital; Luigi D. Notarangelo, MD, of Boston Children's Hospital; and Adrian Thrasher, MG, BS, PhD, of Great Ormond Street Hospital.
The study was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant numbers U01AI087628 and R01AI082020), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (grant number P01HL073104), the NHLBI Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy (PACT) program (contract number HHSN268201000009C), Harvard Catalyst | The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant number UL1TR000170), the Boston Children's Hospital Department of Medicine, the Wellcome Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity, the U.K. National Institute of Health Research, the French Ministry of Health, the REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence at Hannover Medical School, Germany, the European Research Council, the Boston Children's Hospital Department of Medicine and the Boston Children's Hospital Translational Research Program.
The Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center – the nation's #1 pediatric cancer program, according to US News & World Report 2014-15 – brings together two internationally known research and teaching institutions that have provided comprehensive care for pediatric oncology and hematology patients since 1947. The Harvard Medical School affiliates share a clinical staff that delivers inpatient care and surgery at Boston Children's Hospital, outpatient oncology care at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute's Jimmy Fund Clinic and outpatient blood disorders care at Boston Children's.
