"Various studies have looked at the mental health of Hispanics and Latinos, but most have focused on people of Mexican background or looked only at broad groupings of nationalities," said lead author Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Ph.D., distinguished university professor emerita of epidemiology & population health and co-principal investigator of HCHS/SOL at Einstein. "Our study has found that mental health problems differ among the various groups comprising this population, suggesting that healthcare workers should look more closely at subgroups of Hispanics and Latinos to deliver appropriate mental health services."
HCHS/SOL is the largest, most comprehensive study of the health of people of Hispanic/Latino origin—specifically, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Central and South Americans. From 2008 to 2011, the study sampled more than 16,000 Hispanics/Latinos ages 18 to 74 in four diverse communities (New York, Chicago, San Diego, and Miami). At the start of the study, all participants filled out two 10-item questionnaires on depression and anxiety asking how often they had experienced symptoms of depression in the past week and how often they suffered from anxiety symptoms such as nervousness and restlessness. While these measures did not provide a clinical diagnosis for depression and/or anxiety disorder, they reflect commonly reported symptoms of these two conditions.
Overall, 27 percent of Hispanics/Latinos in the study reported high levels of depressive symptoms, with a low of 22.3 percent among people of Mexican background and a high of 38 percent among those of Puerto Rican background.
One of the study's most compelling findings was the relatively low use of antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications among Hispanics and Latinos. Overall, only 5 percent of the study sample used antidepressants, even though depression affected 27 percent of this population. Antidepressant usage varied widely according to insurance status: 8.2 percent of insured people used antidepressants vs. 1.8 percent of uninsured. (In contrast, 13.6 percent of non-Hispanic whites ages 12 and over take antidepressants, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "This is a significant concern, as it suggests that depression and anxiety may not be adequately treated in the Hispanic/Latino community," said Dr. Wassertheil-Smoller.
Anti-anxiety medications were used by 2.5 percent of Hispanics/Latinos, with use significantly higher among people with cardiovascular disease. For example, anti-anxiety medications were used by 20.3 percent of people who had suffered strokes; 19.5 percent of people who had undergone revascularization procedures such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery; and 14.4 percent of people who'd had heart attacks.
"The main message of this study is that physicians need to pay more attention to depression and anxiety among Hispanics and Latinos," Dr. Wassertheil-Smoller noted. "Our findings also have important implications for managing cardiovascular disease. When patients already have cardiovascular disease, we know that being depressed worsens their prognosis."
Among the other findings in the Annals of Epidemiology paper:
Older people (ages 45 to 64) were 21 percent more likely to have symptoms of depression (e.g., sadness, loss of interest, difficulties concentrating, and thoughts of suicide) than younger individuals (ages 25 to 44). Women were twice as likely as men to experience high levels of depressive symptoms First-and second-generation Hispanics/Latinos were significantly more likely to have symptoms of depression than those born outside the U.S. mainland. A history of cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke, or revascularization/stenting) increased the likelihood of depression by 77 percent. The higher the number of cardiovascular risk factors (such as smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes), the greater the likelihood that a person was depressed. Anxiety prevalence followed a pattern similar to depression.
INFORMATION:
The paper, titled, "Depression, anxiety, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular disease among Hispanic men and women of different national backgrounds: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)," was published online September 13, 2014. The other contributors are E.M. Arredondo (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA), JianWen Cai (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC), Sheila F. Castaneda (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA), James P. Choca (San Diego State University), Linda Gallo (University of North Carolina), Molly Jung (Einstein), Lisa M. LaVange (University of North Carolina), Elizabeth T. Lee-Rey (Einstein), Thomas Mosley Jr. (University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS), Frank J. Penedo (Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL), D.A. Santistaban (University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL), and P.C. Zee (Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL).
The HCHS/SOL was supported by contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to various institutions, including Albert Einstein College of Medicine (N01-HC65235). All authors report no conflict of interest.
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