"We've provided new evidence that community wide school-based obesity prevention efforts may go beyond the target audience of young children and influence the weight status of their parent, who helps decide what they eat and how active they are at home. From a public health perspective, this is a pretty powerful observation," said senior author Christina Economos, Ph.D., an associate professor at the Friedman School and principal investigator of Shape Up Somerville. The corresponding author is Edward Coffield, PhD, who worked on the research while a Prevention Effectiveness fellow at the CDC.
Designed and implemented by Tufts University researchers and the community of Somerville, the Shape Up Somerville intervention targeted the city's public school students in grades 1-3 and engaged the adults who shaped their daily environment. Parents, teachers, school food service and health care providers, and city departments and local media outlets participated in and promoted intervention initiatives. These initiatives t included overhauling school lunch menus; introducing nutrition education curriculum in schools; attempting to increase energy expenditure through in-school and after-school physical activity programs; and working with area restaurants to offer healthier menu items.
In the current study, the authors reviewed questionnaires from 122 Somerville parents and 356 parents from the control communities before and after the intervention that spanned two school years (20 calendar months). Parents provided their height and weight, which was used to calculate BMI, and information about their socioeconomic background and their child's physical activity and dietary habits. Following the intervention, Somerville parents answered questions about their familiarity with Shape Up Somerville initiatives.
Every month, Somerville parents received a Shape Up Somerville newsletter in the mail with recipes, coupons for healthy foods, and articles. Almost all of the Somerville parents said they sometimes or always read the newsletter and most of the parents who received the local newspaper recalled reading the Shape Up Somerville articles.
About one-third of the Somerville parents reported that they started to walk more during the intervention, a possible reflection of Shape Up Somerville's emphasis on increasing physical activity citywide as well as in the schools. Additionally, more than half of the Somerville parents self-reported that they chose healthier snacks for their kids and selected healthier menu options when eating out during the intervention.
Several years after the intervention study, Somerville, a diverse urban community located two miles northwest of Boston, continues to independently follow the researchers' blueprint, embracing social justice and health equity as crucial frameworks for all of the city's work. School breakfast and lunch menus continue to emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy and healthy snacks. Environmental and policy changes resulted in improvements to city bike and walking paths and the development of recreational programming. Somerville now offers year-round farmers' markets that accept Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women Infants and Children (WIC) benefits and still encourages restaurants to add healthier dishes, noted on menus as "Shape Up approved."
"These results reinforce what we've learned from Shape Up Somerville--that if we can cultivate an environment that makes it easier to make healthy choices, one change can cause a ripple effect that sparks change elsewhere," said Somerville Mayor Joseph A. Curtatone. "'Eat Smart, Play Hard, Move More' is our continued mantra, and we've found that, overwhelmingly, even our youngest students embrace that lifestyle and are also helping their parents to understand the benefits. Creating and sustaining an environment that makes the healthy choice the easy choice is dependent on a community-based approach like Shape Up Somerville."
Economos, Coffield, and colleagues acknowledge that their data on the influence of Shape Up Somerville on parent BMI carries limitations, including a small sample size of parents whose children participated in the invention, and that the findings are based on associations. "We would encourage other research teams who are designing community wide school-based obesity prevention efforts to look at how they influence parents," said Economos, who is also vice chair and director of ChildObesity180, an organization at the Friedman School that is designing, implementing and evaluating national initiatives to prevent child obesity. "Such data will allow us to build on the successes of child-focused interventions by ensuring that adults have the knowledge to lead by example and reinforce the healthy behaviors at home and in the community."
INFORMATION:
Additional authors on this study include Allison J. Nihiser, M.P.H., and Bettylou Sherry, Ph.D., of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors wish to thank the Tufts University collaborators on the Shape Up Somerville research study: Jeanne Goldberg, Ph.D., a professor at the Friedman School, Aviva Must, professor and chair of the department of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine; and Miriam E. Nelson, Ph.D., associate dean of Tufts University's Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service and professor at the Friedman School.
Coffield E, Nihiser AJ, Sherry B, and Economos CD. "Shape Up Somerville: Change in Parent Body Mass Indexes During a Child-Targeted, Community-Based Environmental Change Intervention. Am J Public Health, published online ahead of print December 18, 2014: e1-e7. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302361.
This study was conducted independently of any outside funding, including any previously allocated funds from the CDC and other sources to the Shape Up Somerville research study. For additional funding information, please refer to the paper. The findings and conclusions in the study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC.
About the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
The Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University is the only independent school of nutrition in the United States. The school's eight degree programs - which focus on questions relating to nutrition and chronic diseases, molecular nutrition, agriculture and sustainability, food security, humanitarian assistance, public health nutrition, and food policy and economics - are renowned for the application of scientific research to national and international policy.
