Childhood cancer cells drain immune system's batteries
2015-08-01
(Press-News.org) Cancer cells in neuroblastoma contain a molecule that breaks down a key energy source for the body's immune cells, leaving them too physically drained to fight the disease, according to new research published in the journal Cancer Research today (Saturday).
Cancer Research UK-funded scientists have discovered that the cells in neuroblastoma - a rare type of childhood cancer that affects nerve cells - produce a molecule that breaks down arginine, one of the building blocks of proteins and an essential energy source for immune cells.
This molecule - called 'arginase' - creates a huge dip in the level of arginine found in the area around the tumour. As soon as the body's immune cells get close to the cancer, the sudden lack of their favourite energy source makes them lethargic and ineffective.
Neuroblastoma cells have a molecule on their surface that marks them out as different from healthy cells. This had led to hopes that the immune system might be trained to recognise and destroy them. But this new research may explain why early attempts to harness the immune system in this way have so far been unsuccessful.
Dr Francis Mussai, study author at the University of Birmingham, said: "We've known for a while that harnessing the power of the immune system could be an effective way to treat neuroblastoma. But we didn't know why the immune cells were having such difficulty recognising and destroying the tumour.
"Armed with this new knowledge about the role of arginine, we may be able to activate the immune system to attack cancer cells."
Dr Carmela De Santo, co-study author at the University of Birmingham, said: "Now the challenge is to develop new drugs which stop neuroblastoma from using arginine, and may make immune therapy more effective."
Around 90 cases of neuroblastoma are diagnosed each year in the UK, mostly in children under five years old.
Eleanor Barrie, senior science information manager at Cancer Research UK, said: "These findings could have huge implications for treating neuroblastoma. Better understanding the role of arginine could help us to boost the body's immune cells and we hope this could lead to more effective treatments.
"We recently launched Cancer Research UK Kids and Teens as part of our commitment to bringing forward the day when no young lives are lost to cancer. Our target is to find more cures and kinder treatments for children with the disease so that, in the future, every child with cancer can go on to live a long and healthy life."
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Notes to Editors:
Mussai, F., et al, Neuroblastoma arginase activity creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that impairs autologous and engineered immunity. Cancer Research, 2015. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3443
For more information on Cancer Research UK Kids & Teens, please visit the website - cruk.org/kidsandteens
For more information on neuroblastoma, please visit - http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/rare-cancers/rare-cancers-name/neuroblastoma
About Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK is the world's leading cancer charity dedicated to saving lives through research.
Cancer Research UK's pioneering work into the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer has helped save millions of lives.
Cancer Research UK receives no government funding for its life-saving research. Every step it makes towards beating cancer relies on every pound donated.
Cancer Research UK has been at the heart of the progress that has already seen survival rates in the UK double in the last forty years.
Today, 2 in 4 people survive cancer. Cancer Research UK's ambition is to accelerate progress so that 3 in 4 people will survive cancer within the next 20 years.
Cancer Research UK supports research into all aspects of cancer through the work of over 4,000 scientists, doctors and nurses.
Together with its partners and supporters, Cancer Research UK's vision is to bring forward the day when all cancers are cured.
For further information about Cancer Research UK's work or to find out how to support the charity, please call 0300 123 1022 or visit http://www.cancerresearchuk.org. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.
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[Press-News.org] Childhood cancer cells drain immune system's batteries
