These proteins are vital to complex life, forming the transport infrastructure that allows different parts of cells to specialise in particular functions. Until now, the way they move has never been directly observed.
Researchers at the University of Leeds and in Japan used electron microscopes to capture images of the largest type of motor protein, called dynein, during the act of stepping along its molecular track.
Dr Stan Burgess, at the University of Leeds' School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, who led the research team, said: "Dynein has two identical motors tied together and it moves along a molecular track called a microtubule. It drives itself along the track by alternately grabbing hold of a binding site, executing a power stroke, then letting go, like a person swinging on monkey bars.
"Previously, dynein movement had only been tracked by attaching fluorescent molecules to the proteins and observing the fluorescence using very powerful light microscopes. It was a bit like tracking vehicles from space with GPS. It told us where they were, their speed and for how long they ran, stopped and so on, but we couldn't see the molecules in action themselves. These are the first images of these vital processes."
An understanding of motor proteins is important to medical research because of their fundamental role in complex cellular life. Many viruses hijack motor proteins to hitch a ride to the nucleus for replication. Cell division is driven by motor proteins and so insights into their mechanics could be relevant to cancer research. Some motor neurone diseases are also associated with disruption of motor protein traffic.
The team at Leeds, working within the world-leading Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, combined purified microtubules with purified dynein motors and added the chemical fuel ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to power the motor.
Dr Hiroshi Imai, now Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Chuo University, Japan, carried out the experiments while working at the University of Leeds.
He explained: "We set the dyneins running along their tracks and then we froze them in 'mid-stride' by cooling them at about a million degrees a second, fast enough to prevent the water from forming ice crystals as it solidified. Then using a cryo-electron microscope we took many thousands of images of the motors caught during the act of stepping. By combining many images of individual motors, we were able to sharpen up our picture of the dynein and build up a dynamic idea of how it moved. It is a bit like figuring out how to swing along monkey bars by studying photographs of many people swinging on them."
Dr Burgess said: "Our most striking discovery was the existence of a hinge between the long, thin stalk and the 'grappling hook', like the wrist between a human arm and hand. This allows a lot of variation in the angle of attachment of the motor to its track.
"Each of the two arms of a dynein motor protein is about 25 nanometres (0.000025 millimetre) long, while the binding sites it attaches to are only 8 nanometres apart. That means dynein can reach not only the next rung but the one after that and the one after that and appears to give it flexibility in how it moves along the 'track'."
Dynein is not only the biggest but also the most versatile of the motor proteins in living cells and, like all motor proteins, is vital to life. Motor proteins transport cargoes and hold many cellular components in position within the cell. For instance, dynein is responsible for carrying messages from the tips of active nerve cells back to the nucleus and these messages keep the nerve cells alive.
Co-author Peter Knight, Professor of Molecular Contractility in the University of Leeds' School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, said: "If a cell is like a city, these are like the truckers on its road and rail networks. If you didn't have a transport system, you couldn't have specialised regions. Every part of the cell would be doing the same thing and that would mean you could not have complex life."
"Dynein is the multi-purpose vehicle of cellular transport. Other motor proteins, called kinesins and myosins, are much smaller and have specific functions, but dynein can turn its hand to a lot of different of functions," Professor Knight said.
For instance, in the motor neurone connecting the central nervous system to the big toe--which is a single cell a metre long-- dynein provides the transport from the toe back to the nucleus. Another vital role is in the movement of cells.
Dr Burgess said: "During brain development, neurones must crawl into their correct position and dynein molecules in this instance grab hold of the nucleus and pull it along with the moving mass of the cell. If they didn't, the nucleus would be left behind and the cytoplasm would crawl away."
The study involved researchers from the University of Leeds and Japan's Waseda and Osaka universities, as well as the Quantitative Biology Center at Japan's Riken research institute and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The research was funded by the Human Frontiers Science Program and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).
The study used powerful electron microscopes at the University of Leeds' Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology. The University has since announced a £17 million investment in state-of-the-art facilities that will allow even closer observation of life within cells. New equipment includes two 300 kilovolt (kV) electron microscopes (EM) and a 950 megahertz (MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer alongside existing 120kV and 200kV EMs, and 500, 600 and 750 MHz NMR machines.
INFORMATION:
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Further information
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Dr Burgess and Professor Knight are available for interview.
Images and videos of the dynein molecules are available at https://goo.gl/DSlUSc.
Contact: Chris Bunting, Senior Press Officer, University of Leeds; phone: 0113 343 2049 or 07712389448 or email c.j.bunting@leeds.ac.uk
The full paper: H. Imai etc., 'Large-scale flexibility in cytoplasmic dynein stepping along the microtubule, is published in Nature Communications (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9179). Copies of the paper are available to members of the media from the University of Leeds press office.
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Notes for editors
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1. The University of Leeds is one of the largest higher education institutions in the UK, with more than 31,000 students from 147 different countries. Its Faculty of Biological was ranked 6th in the country for research impact in the the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF).
2. The University of Leeds' internationally renowned Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology brings together more than 60 principal investigators and approximately 350 researchers from across the University of Leeds with expertise in chemical biology, biophysics, cell biology and structural molecular biology. The University has recently invested £17 million in a new facility with world-class Electron Microscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance instrumentation. New equipment includes two 300 kilovolt (kV) electron microscopes (EM) and a 950 megahertz (MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer alongside existing 120kV and 200kV EMs, and 500, 600 and 750 MHz NMR machines.
The Astbury Centre has a strong track record of attracting externally funded fellowships. This group of excellent young scientists will be strengthened further by the University's own Academic Fellowship Scheme. The 250 Great Minds campaign is a £100 million University investment to recruit new academic staff who will be given the opportunity to build strong, independent research portfolios and deliver innovative, research-led teaching. The programme, launched on 1 October 2014, will span three years. The first 70 University Academic Fellows, drawn from leading universities and research institutes around the world, have already been appointed.
The Astbury Centre hosts a 4-year PhD programme funded by the Wellcome Trust. A number of students are also funded by the White Rose BBSRC Doctoral Training Partnership. Together, these programmes recruit excellent students with a wide range of expertise to address fundamental biological questions. The University is committed to increasing the number PhD studentships it supports by more than 35% over the next 5 years. In 2014, it launched the University of Leeds 110 Anniversary Research Scholarship Scheme. In the period 2014-2016, a total of 330 additional PhD studentships will be supported by the University.
The Centre will host the The Astbury conversation on 11- 12 April 2016, which will aim to bring together leading researchers from across the globe to discuss the most recent work taking place in the field of structural molecular biology. The event will comprise a symposium, public engagement event and public lecture by Nobel Laureate Professor Michael Levitt, FRS.
3. About BBSRC
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) invests in world-class bioscience research and training on behalf of the UK public. Our aim is to further scientific knowledge, to promote economic growth, wealth and job creation and to improve quality of life in the UK and beyond.
Funded by Government, BBSRC invested over £509M in world-class bioscience in 2014-15. We support research and training in universities and strategically funded institutes. BBSRC research and the people we fund are helping society to meet major challenges, including food security, green energy and healthier, longer lives. Our investments underpin important UK economic sectors, such as farming, food, industrial biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.
For more information about BBSRC, our science and our impact see: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk
For more information about BBSRC strategically funded institutes see: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/institutes
