The researchers present final outcome data for the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), a multicenter randomized clinical study in which the safety and efficacy of prenatal and postnatal closure of myelomeningoceles were compared. Preliminary data from this study on 158 infants were published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 2011; the present paper contains final outcome data on the need for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt placement up to 12 months of age for all 183 infants included in the study.
Myelomeningocele is the most common and severe form of spina bifida, a neural tube defect in which spinal vertebrae fail to develop normally during the first few weeks of gestation. In the normal spine, vertebrae encircle the spinal canal, a passageway from the base of the skull to the sacrum. The spinal canal is lined by membranes, known as meninges, which contain the spinal cord surrounded by CSF. In cases of myelomeningocele, some vertebrae are malformed, leaving a gap in the bones that allows a portion of the cord, CSF, and meninges to bulge outward and form a pouch beyond the infant's skin. This pouch provides little protection for the spinal cord and nerves. Damage to the cord and nerves can occur before birth as well as afterward, and can result in sensory or motor nerve deficits as well as loss of bladder or bowel control.
A common consequence of myelomeningocele is hydrocephalus, a buildup of CSF in the brain. Hydrocephalus can cause debilitating symptoms, such as intellectual and motor disabilities, and if left untreated can even lead to death. Hydrocephalus is usually treated by placement of a shunt to divert excess CSF from the brain to other parts of the body, where it is subsequently reabsorbed by the body. In the present study, the researchers examined what benefits prenatal surgical closure of the myelomeningocele has on the need for shunt placement during infancy in patients with spina bifida.
The NEJM report was based on 158 cases and evaluated the primary composite outcome of fetal loss, neonatal death, or the need for a CSF shunt by the time the infant reached 12 months of age (either actual shunt placement or meeting the prespecified criteria for shunt placement). The researchers demonstrated that prenatal repair of the myelomeningocele resulted in less need for a shunt at 12 months of age.
In the present analysis, the researchers examined updated data in all 183 children (91 who were treated prenatally and 92 who were treated after birth). The primary outcome was met significantly less frequently in infants whose myelomeningocele had been repaired prenatally (73% compared with 98% in the postnatal treatment group). The researchers also found that the actual rates of shunt placement were lower in infants treated prenatally (44% compared with 84% in the postnatal treatment group), as were the rates of shunt revision among those infants who had already received a shunt (15% in the prenatal treatment group compared to 40% in the postnatal treatment group).
The researchers found that a substantial number of infants met the criteria for shunt placement but did not receive one. Therefore the researchers redefined the original study's criteria for shunt placement based on the more overt signs of hydrocephalus that are now used by surgeons to decide when a shunt should be inserted. The researchers then redefined the primary outcome based on the new criteria. The new primary outcome was also met significantly less frequently in infants whose myelomeningocele was repaired prenatally (50% in the prenatal group and 87% in the postnatal group).
The researchers found two prenatal characteristics that had a significant impact on the effectiveness of prenatal surgery: the size of the lateral ventricles within the brain at the time of prenatal screening ultrasonography (19-25 weeks gestational age) and the gestational age at enrollment. Among infants whose ventricles measured less than 10 mm at the time of screening, 20% in the prenatal group and 79% in the postnatal group received shunts by 12 months of age; similarly, in infants whose ventricles had measured 10 mm up to 15 mm, 45% in the prenatal group and 86% in the postnatal group received shunts during their first year of life. No significant advantage of prenatal surgery was identified in infants whose ventricles measured 15 mm or larger at the time of screening: 79% of infants in the prenatal group and 87.5% in the postnatal group later received shunts. The researchers also found that for those infants enrolled at 23 weeks of gestation or earlier the shunt placement rate was 31% in the prenatal repair group and 86% in the postnatal repair group while those enrolled at 24 weeks or later had shunts placed at a rate of 60% in the prenatal group and 82% in the postnatal group. Similar results were found for the new primary outcome.
Finally, the researchers examined several risk factors present at the time of screening in patients randomized to prenatal repair that indicated the need for future shunt placement. In the prenatal surgery group, larger ventricles were associated with an increased rate of shunt placement and meeting the new primary outcome.
Ventricles increase in size throughout fetal development in patients with spina bifida. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that it may be best to perform prenatal surgery early--when the ventricles are still small. They state that fetuses with ventricles smaller than 10 mm are the best candidates for prenatal surgery and that perhaps this procedure should take place earlier than 20 weeks. The researchers also advise that caution be exercised when recommending prenatal closure of a myelomeningocele in a fetus whose ventricles are 15 mm or larger, because of the limited advantage of prenatal surgery in this group.
INFORMATION:
Tulipan N, Wellons JC III, Thom EA, Gupta N, Sutton LN, Burrows PK, Farmer D, Walsh W, Johnson MP, Rand L, Tolivaisa S, D'Alton ME, Adzick NS, for the MOMS Investigators: Prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele and the need for cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, published online, ahead of print, September 15, 2015; DOI: 10.3171/2015.7.PEDS15366.
The cited authors hail from several institutions: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Drs. Tulipan, Wellons, and Walsh); George Washington University (Dr. Thom and Ms. Burrows); the University of California, San Francisco (Drs. Gupta, Farmer, and Rand), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Drs. Sutton, Johnson, and Adzick); the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Ms. Tolivaisa); and Columbia University (Dr. D'Alton). The authors are publishing this paper on behalf of all MOMS investigators.
Disclosure: The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.
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The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed journal focused on diseases and disorders of the central nervous system and spine in children. This journal contains a variety of articles, including descriptions of preclinical and clinical research as well as case reports and technical notes. The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is one of four monthly journals published by the JNS Publishing Group, the scholarly journal division of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Other peer-reviewed journals published by the JNS Publishing Group each month include the Journal of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Focus, and the Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. All four journals can be accessed at http://www.thejns.org.
Founded in 1931 as the Harvey Cushing Society, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) is a scientific and educational association with more than 8,300 members worldwide. The AANS is dedicated to advancing the specialty of neurological surgery in order to provide the highest quality of neurosurgical care to the public. All active members of the AANS are certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (Neurosurgery) of Canada or the Mexican Council of Neurological Surgery, AC. Neurological surgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of disorders that affect the entire nervous system including the brain, spinal column, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. For more information, visit http://www.AANS.org.