Abandoning the old ways: Progress in the low-cost electrochemical synthesis of ammonia

(Press-News.org) Ammonia (NH3) is among the most important chemicals produced by humans and has a promising future in sustainable energy applications besides being used in fertilizer production. Unfortunately, so far, the only realistic way that exists to produce ammonia at an industrial scale is through the Haber-Bosch process. This technique, discovered in the 19th century, is very energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly; about 2% of the yearly global CO2 emissions come from Haber-Bosch processes.

"Considering the threats posed by global warming, it is high time we swap to an ammonia synthesis route with zero CO2 emissions," says Professor Sangaraju Shanmugam from Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Korea. Shanmugam and colleagues at DGIST have been working on finding new ways to produce ammonia through electrochemical reactions at room temperature using the nitrogen (N2) naturally present in air, a process technically known as 'electrocatalytic fixation of atmospheric N2.'

Although various research groups have successfully developed catalysts for electrochemical cells with high ammonia production rates, many suffer from low efficiency and selectivity towards N2. Others require precious metals or complex synthesis processes, which limits their applicability on an industrial scale. In a recent study published in Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, DGIST scientists led by Prof. Shanmugam tackled all these issues with a novel catalyst for electrochemical ammonia synthesis.

Their approach is based on molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) nanoparticles, which share electrical properties with the enzyme nitrogenase that some bacteria use to produce ammonia in nature. Nanoparticles alone don't make the cut; however, because they tend to stick to each other, this agglomeration reduces the total surface area that is exposed to N2 and thus hinders the catalyst's performance. To combat this problem, the scientists produced two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheets and tailored them to contain defects. These defects--boron and nitrogen vacancies--provided sites for the Mo2N nanoparticles to anchor themselves without agglomerating much.

With this catalyst, the team managed to synthesize ammonia at a high rate with an efficiency of 61.5% in a stable and robust way. Most notably, the entire fabrication process of the low-cost ?-Mo2N/h-BN catalyst can be done in a single step, which makes it an attractive option in terms of industrial scalability. Furthermore, the study provided important insight into how the size of the nanoparticles affects the selectivity of the catalyst for nitrogen fixation. Prof. Shanmugam observes: "We believe our work will greatly contribute to the development of efficient catalysts. Advancing alternative technologies for the production of valuable chemicals like ammonia via electrocatalytic methods shall pave the way for a cleaner and safer environment."

Hopefully, further studies will finally allow us to abandon the methods of yesterday in favor of the sustainable alternatives of tomorrow.

INFORMATION:

Reference Authors: David Kumar Yesudoss , Gayoung Lee , Sangaraju Shanmugam* Title of original paper: Strong catalyst support interactions in defect-rich γ-Mo2N nanoparticles loaded 2D-h-BN hybrid for highly selective nitrogen reduction reaction Journal: Applied Catalysis B: Environmental DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.119952 Affiliation: Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST)

*Corresponding author's email: sangarajus@dgist.ac.kr

About Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) is a well-known and respected research institute located in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Established in 2004 by the Korean Government, the main aim of DGIST is to promote national science and technology, as well as to boost the local economy. With a vision of "Changing the world through convergence", DGIST has undertaken a wide range of research in various fields of science and technology. DGIST has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive studies in some of today's most vital fields. DGIST also has state-of-the-art-infrastructure to enable cutting-edge research in materials science, robotics, cognitive sciences, and communication engineering.

Website: https://www.dgist.ac.kr/en/html/sub01/010204.html

About the authors

Prof. Sangaraju Shanmugam did his PhD on heterogenous catalysis from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India in 2004. He then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in 2005 in Bar-Ilan University and as a JSPS postdoctoral fellow at Waseda University in 2007. In 2011, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor at DGIST, Korea, where he serves as a Professor now. Shanmugam currently has 130 refereed publications to his credit, 5 Indian Patents and has filed 8 Korean patents. Prof. Shanmugam's current research interests include development of cost-effective, durable electrode materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and their applications towards energy conversion and storage, biosensors, and biomedical applications.