(Press-News.org) To many, Vice President Kamala Harris’s loss in the 2024 presidential election was a sobering reminder of a larger and continuous gender gap across leadership positions in not only government, but also in business, higher education, and the military. A majority of Americans recognize the inadequacy of female representation in leadership, and the news media often portray women’s underrepresentation in these roles—but it nonetheless persists.
Recognizing that news coverage may have influence in forming attitudes and in driving action, a team of psychology researchers examined, through a series of experiments, whether reframing this gender gap in terms of “men’s overrepresentation”—rather than as “women’s underrepresentation”—would have an impact on perceptions of the issue and on motivations to address it.
Its findings showed that framing the gap as “men’s overrepresentation”—as opposed to “women’s underrepresentation”—in political leadership elicited more anger at the disparity among women and increased perceptions that the gap is unjust. Moreover, the results showed that anger at the disparity leads women to take action to address it.
“While most Americans acknowledge that gender diversity in leadership is important, framing the gender gap as women’s underrepresentation may desensitize the public,” says Emily Balcetis, an associate professor of psychology at New York University and an author of the paper, which appears in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. “For many, taking the same statistics, like that 29% of Congress is female, but reframing the issue as men’s overrepresentation, by saying instead that 71% of Congress is male, elicits stronger emotional responses and spurs people to do something to increase access to leadership for men and women.”
However, the researchers add that the men’s overrepresentation framing had some limitations. One, its impact did not apply to business leadership among both men and women and, two, among men, this messaging did not increase anger at the disparity.
Nonetheless, the study’s authors, who also included NYU Psychology Professor Madeline Heilman, see the overall findings as a way to address a long-standing issue.
“Our society benefits when we have women as well as men as leaders in politics and business,” observes Rachel Godsil, a professor at Rutgers Law School, co-founder of Perception Institute, and one of the paper’s authors. “It is crucial that we can all be confident that no one is shut out of leadership positions because of their gender.”
Method
In a series of experimental studies, participants read mock news articles that were based on real-world data on the gender gap in politics and in business. The articles were manipulated to adopt different frames: the gap was couched as either women’s underrepresentation or men’s overrepresentation, with the underlying facts remaining constant.
The experiments then measured the participants’ responses under each condition. These included expressed anger at the gender gap in business and politics as well as willingness to support a piece of federal legislation—Women’s Global Empowerment, Development, and Prosperity Act of 2020—which was moving through congressional committees in the Senate at the time of the study. Participants also had the option of writing a letter to their congressional representative indicating their reaction to the bill, with the researchers tracking whether or not these letters supported or opposed the legislation.
The researchers also measured participants’ stated willingness to address this leadership gap more broadly—by writing social-media posts, by taking action despite material or relationship costs (e.g., taking action that could harm future job prospects), or by donating to programs aimed at confronting this discrepancy. In addition, participants had an opportunity to read an article reporting on strategies to reduce gender disparity in leadership—a methodological element designed to gauge interest in this issue.
Results
The mock stories that framed the gender gap as men’s overrepresentation in political leadership elicited more anger at the disparity among women—but not among men—than did those that framed the gap as women’s underrepresentation. However, this effect was not found among either women or men for business leadership stories.
In addition, women’s anger at the disparity—regardless of how the gap was framed in the mock news stories—was associated with several behaviors. These included participants spending more time reading stories on how to change the status quo, writing stronger letters to their congressional representative supporting proposed legislation addressing gender disparity, and a stronger expressed desire to donate to gender-bias reduction programs.
“Framing the gender gap in politics as due to men’s advantages—in this case, men’s overrepresentation—as opposed to women’s disadvantages—their underrepresentation—not only affects how women view this concern, but also prompts action to combat it,” concludes lead author Usman Liaquat, an NYU doctoral student at the time of the study and now at Cornell University.
# # #
END
Too many men or too few women?—new study finds how the gender gap is framed affects perceptions of it
Research shows subtle changes in news coverage may influence both attitudes and action among women—when it comes to politics, but not business
2025-01-02
ELSE PRESS RELEASES FROM THIS DATE:
AI can improve ovarian cancer diagnoses
2025-01-02
A new international study led by researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden shows that AI-based models can outperform human experts at identifying ovarian cancer in ultrasound images. The study is published in Nature Medicine.
“Ovarian tumours are common and are often detected by chance,” says Professor Elisabeth Epstein at the Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset (Stockholm South General Hospital), at Karolinska Institutet and senior consultant at the hospital’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. “There is a serious shortage of ultrasound experts in many parts of the world, which has ...
Zebrafish protein unlocks dormant genes for heart repair
2025-01-02
Researchers from the Bakkers group at the Hubrecht Institute have successfully repaired damaged mouse hearts using a protein from zebrafish. They discovered that the protein Hmga1 plays a key role in heart regeneration in zebrafish. In mice, this protein was able to restore the heart by activating dormant repair genes without causing side effects, such as heart enlargement. This study, supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation and Hartekind Foundation, marks an important step toward regenerative therapies to prevent heart failure. The findings were published in Nature Cardiovascular Research on January 2, 2025.
After a heart attack, the human heart loses millions of muscle cells that cannot ...
How good are AI doctors at medical conversations?
2025-01-02
Artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT have been touted for their promise to alleviate clinician workload by triaging patients, taking medical histories and even providing preliminary diagnoses.
These tools, known as large-language models, are already being used by patients to make sense of their symptoms and medical tests results.
But while these AI models perform impressively on standardized medical tests, how well do they fare in situations that more closely mimic the real world?
Not that great, according to the findings of a new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School and Stanford University.
For their analysis, published Jan. 2 in Nature ...
A speckle of hope for cancer patients
2025-01-02
Fighting cancer can seem like a deadly game of chance. While some patients may respond well to certain treatments, others might not be as fortunate. Doctors and scientists have long struggled to explain why. Now, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Assistant Professor Katherine Alexander and University of Pennsylvania Professor Shelley Berger have found a possible source of this variability in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)—the most common kidney cancer diagnosed in adults.
Alexander ...
How does a hula hoop master gravity? Mathematicians prove that shape matters
2025-01-02
Hula hooping is so commonplace that we may overlook some interesting questions it raises: “What keeps a hula hoop up against gravity?” and “Are some body types better for hula hooping than others?” A team of mathematicians explored and answered these questions with findings that also point to new ways to better harness energy and improve robotic positioners.
The results are the first to explain the physics and mathematics of hula hooping.
“We were specifically interested in what kinds of body motions and shapes could successfully hold the hoop up and what physical requirements and restrictions are involved,” explains ...
New method to measure 5G radiation from mobile phones and base stations
2025-01-02
A team of researchers from Project GOLIAT has developed and applied a new protocol to measure exposure to mobile phone radiation, in particular from 5G. The researchers measured radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels during three different scenarios: when the mobile device is in flight mode (non-user), when the mobile phone is used intensively by either downloading or uploading data. The study demonstrates that e.
The research was conducted in Switzerland, one of the first countries in Europe to roll out 5G networks on a large scale. The results have now been published in Environmental Research and provide relevant data for epidemiological ...
Artificial Intelligence Predicts Deutsche eMark (DEM) as the 2025 Crypto Sensation
2025-01-01
What Is Deutsche eMark (DEM)?
Deutsche eMark, often referred to by its abbreviation DEM, is a cryptocurrency that draws inspiration from reviving the legacy of the German Mark—Germany’s official currency before the introduction of the euro. The creators of DEM aimed to leverage the recognition of the traditional German currency by combining it with innovative blockchain technology.
The primary mission of the project is to enable fast and efficient transactions both within Germany and on the international market. By using a peer-to-peer network, Deutsche eMark seeks to offer low transaction costs while maintaining a high level of security.
Deutsche eMark, often referred to by its abbreviation DEM, is a cryptocurrency that draws inspiration from reviving the legacy of the German Mark—Germany’s official currency before the introduction of the euro. The creators of DEM aimed to leverage the recognition of the traditional German currency by combining it with innovative blockchain technology.
The primary mission of the project is to enable fast and efficient transactions both within Germany and on the international market. By using a peer-to-peer network, Deutsche eMark seeks to offer low transaction costs while maintaining a high level of security.
Revolutionizing heat management with high-performance cerium oxide thermal switches
2025-01-01
Groundbreaking cerium oxide-based thermal switches achieve remarkable performance, transforming heat flow control with sustainable and efficient technology.
Thermal switches, which electrically control heat transfer, are essential for the advancement of sophisticated thermal management systems. Historically, electrochemical thermal switches have been constrained by suboptimal performance, which impedes their extensive utilization in the electronics, energy, and waste heat recovery sectors.
A research team led by Professor Hiromichi Ohta of the Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University employed a novel approach of ...
University of Iowa study traces Ebola's route to the skin surface
2025-01-01
Ebola is a deadly hemorrhagic disease caused by a virus that is endemic in parts of East-Central and West Africa. Most people are aware that a primary route for person-to-person transmission is through contact with bodily fluids from an infected person. But more recent outbreaks, including the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, demonstrated that infectious Ebola virus (EBOV) is also found on the skin’s surface of those who have succumbed to infection or at late times during infection. Although evidence suggests that EBOV can be passed on from skin contact with a person in the later stages of the disease, very little is known about how the virus makes its way out ...
Study finds smoking linked to increased risk of chronic kidney disease in later stages
2025-01-01
A recent study published in Health Data Science led by Zhilong Zhang from the Institute of Medical Technology at Peking University Health Science Center and Professor Luxia Zhang from the National Institute of Health Data Science at Peking University has shed light on the complex relationship between smoking behavior and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using data from over 500,000 participants in the UK Biobank cohort, the researchers conducted both traditional observational studies and advanced Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore whether smoking behavior ...
LAST 30 PRESS RELEASES:
New method could monitor corrosion and cracking in a nuclear reactor
Pennington Biomedical researchers find metabolic health of pregnant women may matter more than weight gain
World’s first custom anterior cervical spine surgery
Quantum Research Sciences developing AI platform to help Air Force more efficiently connect with industry
MERIT grant awarded to study cure for HIV
Not all calories are equal: Ultra-processed foods harm men’s health
Researchers use seaweed to manufacture raw materials for civil construction
Illinois analysis aims to ease GI symptoms for cancer patients
JAMA Network names new editor in chief of JAMA Cardiology
DOD research aims to offer new solutions for ocular chemical injuries in military personnel
Novel therapy for pet cats with head and neck cancers could help humans, too
Researchers develop novel treatment for central nervous system injury
Debt, bankruptcy, and credit scores after cancer diagnosis
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of uveitis
Study proposes new, more personalized methadone restart approach for opioid use disorder
Majority of oncology staff at Moroccan Cancer Institute affected by burnout
People who skip breakfast and eat late dinners may have a higher risk of osteoporosis
Pertussis resurgence in Tuscany outlines importance of timely vaccination in Italy
Innovative food processing technologies: a path to nutritional efficiency in staple crops
We must develop thinkers, not crammers and fact experts
Political polar opposites may be more alike than they think
GI tumor microbes may predict prognosis and inform treatment
Study linking depression to specific altered brain cells opens door to new treatments
How plants rot: New method decodes hidden decomposers of wood and leaves
COPD care pathway leads to shorter hospital stays, more referrals to pulmonary rehab
First global guidelines for pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease developed
In search of the perfect raspberry
Bio-inspired, self-cleaning sweat sensors for comfortable wearable health monitoring
Chung-Ang University researchers reveal strange dynamics of nanoparticle growth and shrink
No strong evidence for alternative autism treatments, study finds
[Press-News.org] Too many men or too few women?—new study finds how the gender gap is framed affects perceptions of itResearch shows subtle changes in news coverage may influence both attitudes and action among women—when it comes to politics, but not business