PRESS-NEWS.org - Press Release Distribution
PRESS RELEASES DISTRIBUTION

What does it cost an animal to fight?

2025-07-16
(Press-News.org) How do animals decide when to fight and when to walk, fly, slither, or swim away? Most research on animal conflict has focused on the short-term costs of single interactions, but a pair of behavioral ecologists argue that these one-time events might paint an incomplete picture. In an opinion paper publishing July 16 in the Cell Press journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, the researchers say that to really understand the consequences of animal conflict, we need to also consider its long-term and cumulative impact on an individual’s longevity and reproduction. 

“By linking individual contests to lifetime reproductive success, we can understand how different contexts and environmental situations could favor the evolution of decision strategies in different species,” says author and ecologist Paulo Enrique Cardoso Peixoto of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil.  

Contests are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom, note the authors. In many cases, these fights are symbolic and may or may not involve physical contact, but they can deplete energy reserves, and in some cases result in physical injury and death. Usually, animals engage in contests when competing for a resource such as food, shelter, territory, or mating partners. Since contests have the potential to result in both benefits and costs, scientists have long thought that different species must have evolved strategies for deciding whether to fight, and if they do fight, when to quit.  

The researchers say that the optimal conflict strategy would vary depending on the species and situation. For example, the potential benefits might outweigh the risks for very valuable resources, but for less important resources, individuals might be better off abstaining, especially if they are unlikely to win. They also note that some costs carry more weight than others.  

“If snapping shrimp lose a claw during a fight, it can regrow, so it’s not a total loss because they can recover and fight subsequent contests,” says Peixoto. “But, if a beetle breaks a horn during a fight, it will not regrow, so that individual will be unable to fight again, and since they often fight for female access, this means they will be unable to reproduce anymore.” 

To examine how costs have been characterized and quantified previously, the researchers conducted a systematic review of field and laboratory studies. From 73 articles spanning 62 animal species, they identified 24 different types of cost, which they grouped into six categories: increased metabolism, increased stress and decreased immune response, increased risk of injury and mortality, decreased foraging opportunities, decreased predator awareness, and decreased investment in parental care.  

They found that researchers studying different types of animal tend to measure different types of cost, which makes it difficult to compare findings. For example, studies in crustaceans and fishes were more likely to measure metabolic costs, whereas studies in insects usually measured direct injuries.  

“There is huge variation in the measurements researchers take,” says Peixoto. “Variation is not a bad thing, but the lack of standardization in the way we do this precludes us from estimating whether there is an average cost between different species, or investigating the variation among species.” 

In many cases, the researchers argue, the costs measured are not the most relevant for understanding the consequences of contests. They also rarely extend beyond measuring the short-term consequences of isolated incidents.  

“We need to link the average cost in a single contest to the individual’s longevity or lifetime reproductive success,” says Peixoto. “For example, are there contexts that favor individuals that always fight and are more aggressive, and other situations that favor more cautious individuals that only fight weaker rivals to increase their chances of winning?” 

To link short- and long-term costs, the researchers propose a three-step process, starting with identifying the most important cost for the species they’re studying. The next step is measuring how this cost accumulates during a single contest, relative to the animal’s baseline. Finally, the team recommends linking this single-contest data to long-term data on how frequently different individuals fight, and how many offspring frequent and non-frequent fighters produce. 

“By knowing the average number of fights that different individuals are involved in and their lifespans, we can estimate whether individuals who fight more or less have better lifetime reproductive success,” says Peixoto. “This connection would allow us to gain deeper insights into the evolutionary dynamics of animal contests and the trade-offs individuals face.” 

### 

This research was supported by funding from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. 

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Peixoto et al., “What we (don’t) know about costs in animal contests” https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(25)00153-3

Trends in Ecology & Evolution (@Trends_Ecol_Evo), published by Cell Press, is a monthly review journal that contains polished, concise, and readable reviews and opinion pieces in all areas of ecology and evolutionary science. It aims to keep scientists informed of new developments and ideas across the full range of ecology and evolutionary biology—from the pure to the applied, and from molecular to global. Visit http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution. To receive Cell Press media alerts, please contact press@cell.com. 

END



ELSE PRESS RELEASES FROM THIS DATE:

Discovery could battle Alzheimer’s by boosting blood flow to brain

2025-07-16
New University of Virginia School of Medicine research suggests an unexpected way doctors may be able to improve blood flow to the brain to battle Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Scientists led by Ukpong B. Eyo, PhD, of UVA’s Department of Neuroscience, found that immune cells called microglia play an essential role in determining how well tiny capillaries deliver blood and essential nourishment to our brains. The scientists believe problems with these microglia could be contributing to failing brain health, and targeting them could help us prevent or reverse memory-stealing diseases caused or worsened by lack of adequate blood flow. This could include Alzheimer’s, ...

New antibody selectively targets immune cells that suppress anti-tumor responses

2025-07-16
“Taken together, our studies suggest that 2B010 represents an anti-CD25 mAb with unique properties in that it deleted Treg from an inflammatory environment (GVHD) as well as from the TME.” BUFFALO, NY – July 16, 2025 – A new research paper was published in Volume 16 of Oncotarget on July 9, 2025, titled “A novel anti-human CD25 mAb with preferential reactivity to activated T regulatory cells depletes them from the tumor microenvironment.” In this study, researchers from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, led by first author Maja ...

OHSU scientists develop tool that improves tissue cancer analysis

2025-07-16
Researchers have developed a powerful new tool that makes it easier to study the mix of cell types in human tissue, which is crucial for understanding diseases such as cancer. Developed by researchers at Oregon Health & Science University’s Knight Cancer Institute, the tool, dubbed OmicsTweezer, uses advanced machine learning techniques to analyze biological data at a scale large enough to estimate the composition of cell types in a sample of tissue that may be taken from a biopsy. This process allows scientists to map the cellular makeup of tumors and surrounding tissues — an area ...

The 2025 World Cultural Council’s award winner is announced

2025-07-16
The 2025 World Cultural Council’s award winner is announced The winner of the 2025 “Albert Einstein” World Award of Science is Professor Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University, USA. He is also a Senior Scientist at Argonne National Laboratory. Professor Kanatzidis is recognized for his groundbreaking contributions as a pioneer in shaping the field solar photovoltaic materials through his seminal work on halide perovskite semiconductors. He has made fundamental contributions for creating materials enabling ...

Stephenson Global Scholar Grants Program awards $5.3 million to drive breakthroughs in pancreatic cancer research

2025-07-16
The significant philanthropic support comes at a time of uncertainty for federal research funding The grants will support new approaches to the deadliest cancer, from novel early detection methods, using AI to identify those with higher risk, and new immunotherapy treatments LOS ANGELES, July 16, 2025 — The Stephenson Global Pancreatic Cancer Research Institute and its partner City of Hope, one of the country’s largest and most advanced cancer research and treatment organizations, today announced the six inaugural recipients of the prestigious Stephenson Scholar Grants, awarding $5.25 million to support high-impact research aimed at transforming the understanding, ...

A statement from the Global Virus Network (GVN) on the rapidly escalating measles crisis in the U.S. and worldwide

2025-07-16
Tampa, FL, USA - The Global Virus Network (GVN), a coalition of leading human and animal virologists from 80+ Centers of Excellence and Affiliates in more than 40 countries, is sounding the alarm over a sharp resurgence of measles cases in the United States and globally. This resurgence, fueled by falling vaccination rates, threatens to erode decades of public health progress. Measles is one of the most contagious viruses known to humans and is entirely preventable through routine vaccination. The U.S. is now experiencing its highest ...

Restored wetlands reap benefits for climate, drought-resilience after just one year: study

2025-07-16
Reviving floodplain wetlands slashes carbon emissions by 39% and restores critical ecosystem functions in one year – without the methane spike typically seen in restored peatlands, a new study has found. Peatlands are known as top carbon sinks, but can produce up to 530% more methane after restoration, potentially offsetting short-term climate benefits. Whereas floodplain, or riparian wetlands, which comprise over half of global wetlands, are often overlooked due to their lower carbon storage. Now a new study in the Journal of Environmental ...

PPPL’s Jack Berkery receives Fulbright Specialist award to share research on spherical tokamaks

2025-07-16
In a field where collaboration is key to progress, Jack Berkery, a leader in U.S. fusion research, is heading to Japan as a Fulbright Specialist to help strengthen the ties that power the future of fusion energy. Berkery is the deputy director of the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The Fulbright Specialist Program pairs specialists with select host institutions to build international partnerships.  Berkery’s two-week visit to Japan will include meetings with researchers at Kyushu University and participation ...

Survey shows GLP-1 weight-loss drugs are changing sex and dating for 50-60% of users

2025-07-16
GLP-1 weight-loss drugs are changing how people date and connect. In a nationally representative survey of 2,000 single U.S. adults (ages 18 to 91) led by the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University with DatingNews.com, GLP-1 users reported a wide range of physical, social, and psychological shifts they attributed to the drug. Among respondents, 8% reported having used a GLP-1 medication to assist with weight loss, with no significant difference difference in use between men and women. Among GLP-1 users, 59% reported at least one impact of the drug on their dating life including: 17% ...

Dr. Jennifer Ashton and Dr. Joseph Woo join American Heart Association Board of Directors

2025-07-16
DALLAS, July 16, 2025 — The American Heart Association, the world’s leading nonprofit organization focused on heart and brain health for all, announces the appointment of two leading health and science leaders, Jennifer Ashton, M.D., M.S. and Joseph Woo, M.D., FAHA, to its volunteer Board of Directors, effective July 1, 2025. Dr. Ashton and Dr. Woo bring clinical leadership, health media influence and scientific innovation to the Association as it enters its second century, intensifying its efforts to change ...

LAST 30 PRESS RELEASES:

Older adults who increased their regular walking pace by just 14 steps per minute were more likely to experience clinically significant improvements in a test of aerobic capacity and walking endurance

For adults with hearing loss, linear amplification (amplification across all sound levels, available with some hearing aids) might restore their ability to recognize emotion in voices

Self-reporting climate anxiety in the United States is linked to being young, female, believing climate change will impact you personally, and more frequent media and community discussions around clim

A “silent epidemic” of stimulant use is shadowing the most recent opioid epidemic

Food insecurity causes anxiety and depression

New approach to kidney transplant matching could lead to better long-term outcomes

The patterns of elites who conceal their assets offshore

Elephant robot demonstrates bioinspired 3D printing technology

Walking slightly faster could help older adults stay fit

Private health industry lobby group uses marketing and publicity strategies similar to Big Tobacco and other unhealthy commodity industry groups

Government rollbacks of climate monitoring is a public health emergency

Robots that grow by consuming other robots

MD Anderson Research Highlights for July 16, 2025

Interbreeding with Neanderthals may be responsible for modern-day brain condition, SFU study finds

Tiny crystals provide insight to massive 2006 Augustine Volcano eruption

Six-month follow-up results announced from a first-of-its-kind robotic-assisted cerebral aneurysm embolization study

Why some elephants take more risks around people than others

Hope in sight for autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA)

Snacking on avocado before bed may be linked to health impacts the next morning in adults with prediabetes

‘Fiery’ cell death during bladder cancer treatment may trigger chemo resistance by fueling cancer stem cells

How a tiny gene ensures the survival of male birds

New insights into ovarian cancer: why whole-genome doubling may hold the key to future HGSOC treatment strategies

Battery sharing could cut energy costs for communities

Expanded research tool to crack the code on Parkinson’s, the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease

Can AI detect hidden heart disease?

Simple rules govern soil microbiome responses to environmental change

Researchers track the willingness of gun owners to temporarily store guns outside their homes

Living near St. Louis-area Coldwater Creek during childhood linked with higher risk of cancer from radiation

Prevalence of extremely severe obesity and metabolic dysfunction among US children and adolescents

Estimated burden of influenza and direct and indirect benefits of influenza vaccination

[Press-News.org] What does it cost an animal to fight?