Genetic link discovered between childhood intelligence and parental longevity

University of Edinburgh researchers reveal shared genetic factors influence both early cognitive abilities and lifespan

2025-10-21

(Press-News.org) EDINBURGH, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM, 7 October 2025 -- Researchers led by Dr. W. David Hill at the University of Edinburgh have identified a significant genetic correlation between childhood cognitive function and longevity, providing the first molecular genetic evidence that intelligence measured in youth shares genetic factors with lifespan. Published today in the peer-reviewed journal Genomic Psychiatry, this Brevia represents a crucial advance in understanding why more intelligent children tend to live longer lives.

The discovery addresses a longstanding puzzle in cognitive epidemiology: while studies have consistently shown that children who score higher on intelligence tests tend to live longer, the underlying biological mechanisms have remained elusive.

Novel Genetic Architecture Revealed

The research team analyzed genome-wide association study data from 12,441 individuals for childhood cognitive function and 389,166 individuals for parental longevity. These massive datasets allowed them to calculate the first genetic correlation between intelligence measured specifically in childhood and lifespan, avoiding the potential confounding effects that can occur when cognitive function is measured in adulthood.

Dr. Hill and Professor Ian Deary found that the genetic correlation between childhood cognitive function and parental attained years was 0.35, indicating substantial shared genetic etiology. The SNP-based heritability was 27.3 percent for childhood cognitive function and 28.9 percent for parental longevity, confirming that both traits have strong genetic components.

What makes this finding particularly compelling is that it eliminates reverse causation concerns. When cognitive function is measured in adults, poor health could influence both cognitive performance and longevity. By focusing on childhood cognitive function, the researchers could examine the pure genetic relationship between early intelligence and lifespan.

From Epidemiology to Molecular Understanding

Previous epidemiological research has established robust phenotypic associations between childhood cognitive function and mortality risk. A systematic review of 16 studies involving over one million participants found that for every standard deviation increase in childhood cognitive test scores, there was a 24 percent lower risk of death during follow-up periods ranging from 17 to 69 years.

This relationship persisted across different countries, including the UK, Denmark, Israel, and Sweden, and was not fully explained by childhood socioeconomic position or adult educational attainment. The current genetic findings provide molecular evidence supporting these epidemiological observations, suggesting that shared biology underlies at least part of the cognition-longevity connection.

The research utilized linkage disequilibrium score regression, a sophisticated statistical method that examines patterns of genetic variation across the genome. This approach revealed minimal population stratification effects, with LDSC intercepts close to 1 for both traits, ensuring the reliability of the genetic correlation estimate.

Biological Mechanisms and Future Directions

The genetic correlation identified in this study is consistent with multiple biological models. One possibility is horizontal pleiotropy, where genetic variants independently affect both cognitive function and longevity. This would support the "system integrity" hypothesis, suggesting that genetic factors produce bodies and brains better equipped to withstand environmental challenges throughout life.

Alternatively, vertical pleiotropy could explain the relationship, where childhood cognitive function causally influences longevity through intermediate pathways. Higher childhood intelligence may lead to better educational outcomes, healthier lifestyle choices, and more favorable socioeconomic positions, all of which contribute to longer life.

Questions remain about which specific genetic regions drive this correlation and what biological systems mediate the relationship. Future research could explore whether particular chromosomal regions show stronger correlations, potentially identifying therapeutic targets. Additionally, examining how this genetic relationship varies across different populations could reveal important insights about gene-environment interactions.

The study also raises intriguing questions about evolutionary perspectives on intelligence and longevity. Why would natural selection favor genetic variants that enhance both cognitive abilities and lifespan? Understanding these evolutionary dynamics could provide deeper insights into human development and aging.

Implications for Public Health and Medicine

These findings have important implications for personalized medicine and public health interventions. Understanding the shared genetic architecture between cognitive function and longevity could inform strategies for healthy aging and cognitive preservation. While genetic factors cannot be modified directly, identifying at-risk individuals early could enable targeted interventions to optimize health trajectories.

The research also emphasizes the importance of supporting cognitive development in childhood, as the benefits may extend far beyond academic achievement to influence lifelong health and longevity. Educational policies and early childhood interventions that enhance cognitive development could have broader public health benefits than previously recognized.

Study Strengths and Considerations

The study utilized large-scale genetic data from well-characterized cohorts, providing robust statistical power to detect genetic correlations. By focusing specifically on childhood cognitive function, the researchers avoided confounding from age-related health conditions that could influence both cognition and mortality risk in older populations.

The research team acknowledges that genetic correlations represent average effects across the genome and do not identify specific causal mechanisms. Future work using methods like Mendelian randomization could help disentangle causal relationships between cognitive function and longevity.

This peer-reviewed -reviewed research represents a significant advance in cognitive epidemiology, offering new insights into the biological basis of intelligence-longevity associations through rigorous experimental investigation. The findings challenge existing paradigms about the independence of cognitive and aging processes. By employing innovative statistical genetics approaches, the research team has generated data that not only advances fundamental knowledge but also suggests practical applications in preventive medicine and public health. The reproducibility and validation of these findings through the peer-review process ensures their reliability and positions them as a foundation for future investigations. This work exemplifies how cutting-edge research can bridge the gap between basic science and translational applications, potentially impacting healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers in the coming years.

The peer-reviewed Brevia in Genomic Psychiatry titled "Shared genetic etiology between childhood cognitive function and longevity," is freely available via Open Access on 7 October 2025 in Genomic Psychiatry at the following hyperlink: https://doi.org/10.61373/gp025l.0098.

About Genomic Psychiatry: Genomic Psychiatry: Advancing Science from Genes to Society (ISSN: 2997-2388, online and 2997-254X, print) represents a paradigm shift in genetics journals by interweaving advances in genomics and genetics with progress in all other areas of contemporary psychiatry. Genomic Psychiatry publishes peer-reviewed medical research articles of the highest quality from any area within the continuum that goes from genes and molecules to neuroscience, clinical psychiatry, and public health.

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