The NOAA-led team showed that although the lightest compounds in the oil evaporated within hours, it was the heavier compounds, which took longer to evaporate, that contributed most to the formation of air pollution particles downwind. Because those compounds are also emitted by vehicles and other combustion sources, the discovery is important for understanding air quality in general, not only near oil spills.
"We were able to confirm a theory that a major portion of particulate air pollution is formed from chemicals that few are measuring, and which we once assumed were not abundant enough to cause harm," said Joost de Gouw, lead author of a new paper on the finding, published in the March 11 edition of Science.
De Gouw is an atmospheric scientist in the Chemical Sciences Division of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colo. and a Fellow at CIRES, the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
NOAA sent a research aircraft to the Gulf region in June 2010 to help other agencies assess pollutant levels in the air (data are published here). The Lockheed WP-3D Orion aircraft, best known as NOAA's "hurricane hunter," was in California for an air quality and climate science mission. When diverted to the Gulf, the P-3 was already loaded with instruments designed to measure many types of air pollution particles — including "organic aerosol" — and the chemicals from which they are formed in air.
Organic aerosol, or OA, makes up about half of the air pollution particles in polluted U.S. cities. Air pollution particles can damage people's lung and heart function, and they also affect climate, with some aerosol, including OA, partially offsetting the warming from greenhouse gases by reflecting incoming sunlight or changing cloud properties, and other aerosol amplifying warming by increasing the amount of sunlight absorbed in the atmosphere.
De Gouw said he and his colleagues knew where to expect OA particles downwind from the oil spill based on conventional understanding: OA should form when the most lightweight, or "volatile," components of surface oil evaporate, undergo chemical reactions, and condense onto existing airborne particles.
Twenty to 30 percent of the surface oil fell into this volatile category, evaporating into the atmosphere within hours, according to the new analysis. That gave it little time to spread out, so emissions came from the area immediately surrounding the spill. A steady wind — such as the one blowing during a June 10, 2010 research flight — drew those emissions into a thin, linear streak of pollution in which organic aerosol was expected to form.
"But that's not what we saw," de Gouw said. "We saw this very broad plume of organic aerosol instead." OA levels in that plume were similar to levels found in U.S. urban air.
So de Gouw and his colleagues set about trying to figure out what else might have contributed to the pollution particles. In 2007, other atmospheric scientists had proposed that heavier or "less volatile" components could theoretically help to create OA, but it had proven to be near impossible to study this process in the real world.
"The problem is that the heavier and lighter species are emitted at the same time from the same sources, so we could not study them separately in the atmosphere until Deepwater Horizon," de Gouw said.
Heavier components of oil take longer to evaporate, so they had more time to spread on the surface farther from the spill source than their lightweight siblings. When de Gouw and his colleagues ran a series of models showing how spilled oil spread across the Gulf, and how long it should take for various heavy, medium, and light fractions to evaporate, the conclusion was clear. The heavier, less-volatile compounds from the oil — that were not actually measured by all the sophisticated instruments onboard the aircraft — were the culprit.
These heavier compounds are not measured in most air quality monitoring programs, which were designed to capture the conventional contributors to poor air quality. The new findings may also help understand why there is more organic aerosol in the polluted atmosphere than scientists can explain.
"This chemistry could be a very important source of aerosol in the United States and elsewhere," de Gouw said. "What we learned from this study will actually help us to improve air quality understanding and prediction."
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A podcast on this study featuring de Gouw is available through CIRES. Listen online: http://cires.colorado.edu/news/press/2011/gulf-air-quality.html.
The WP-3D Orion is part of NOAA's fleet of highly specialized research aircraft operated, managed and maintained by the NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. The aircraft is piloted by officers of the NOAA Corps — one of the seven uniformed services of the United States — and based the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center, located at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Fla.
***Please note: Dr. de Gouw will not be available for interviews on Thursday until after 2:30 pm MT/ 4:30 pm ET. Please contact Katy Human earlier in the week to schedule an embargoed interview with him Monday through Wednesday, or late Thursday.
NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Visit us online at www.noaa.gov or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/usnoaagov.
Co-authors of the new paper, "Organic Aerosol Formation Downwind from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill," include Ann Middlebrook1, Carsten Warneke1,2 Ravan Ahmadov1,2, Elliot Atlas3, Roya Bahreini1,2, Donald Blake4, Charles Brock1, Jerome Brioude1,2, David Fahey1, Fred Fehsenfeld1,2, John Holloway1,2, Matthiew Le Henaff3, Richard Lueb5, Stuart McKeen1,2, James Meagher1, Daniel Murphy1, Claire Paris3, David Parrish1, Anne Perring1,2, Ilana Pollack1,2, A.R. Ravishankara1, Allen Robinson6, Thomas Ryerson1, Joshua Schwarz1,2, J. Ryan Spackman1,2, Ashwanth Srinivasan3, and Laurel Watts.1,2
1 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO
2 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
3 University of Miami, Miami, FL
4 University of California, Irvine, CA
5 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
6 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
On the Web:
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory:
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov
NOAA's Deepwater Horizon Archive:
http://www.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon
Gulf Spill Restoration Site:
http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov
June Air Quality Experiment Press Releases:
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100608_airquality.html
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100721_p3_oilspill.html
