Adjustments to Medicare payments based on geography are intended to account for regional variations in wages, rents, and other costs incurred by hospitals and individual health care practitioners. Federal law requires geographic adjustments to be budget neutral, meaning any increase in the amount paid to one hospital or practitioner must be offset by a decrease to others. In its previous report, the committee recommended changes to the data sources and methods used to calculate payment adjustments to achieve greater accuracy.
Using a series of statistical simulations and analyses in the second phase of the study, the committee concluded that its recommendations, if adopted by the Medicare program, would improve the technical accuracy of payments, and these payments would increase or decrease by less than 5 percent on average for the majority of hospitals and most physicians. The committee acknowledged that seemingly small percentages could make significant differences to providers and organizations striving to provide high-value health care. The simulations showed that the committee's proposed new approach using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics would yield generally higher relative hospital wages in rural areas than the current approach using Medicare data. The changes in how practitioner payments are calculated would result in an overall payment reduction of just under 3 percent to health professionals in nonmetropolitan counties and an aggregate increase of less than half of 1 percent to those practicing in metropolitan counties.
There is a general perception that variations in payment rates could affect where health professionals decide to practice and contribute to regional differences in the availability and quality of care. Given the relatively modest payment changes that would occur in many regions and given that geographic adjustments are only one factor in Medicare payments, revising these calculations may not have a significant overall impact on the distribution of providers and on improving care access and quality, the report says.
Although most Medicare beneficiaries have good access to health care, the ease of finding providers who accept Medicare patients is more limited in medically underserved rural and metropolitan regions and areas that include disproportionately high numbers of racial and ethnic minorities. There are several strategies that would be more effective at boosting access to care than geographic payment adjustments, the committee concluded. For example, Medicare should support policies that enable all qualified health professionals to practice to the full extent of their education and training. The supply of primary care services in underserved areas could be increased if state licensing and credentialing laws consistently allowed broader scope of practice for the complete range of professionals, such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants. The report also recommends that Medicare pay for telemedicine and other services that enable clinicians to reach more patients in underserved areas.
"The exercise of applying the recommendations from our Phase I report confirmed that using the data sources and methods we proposed would improve the accuracy of Medicare payments," said committee chair Frank Sloan, J. Alexander McMahon Professor of Health Policy and Management and professor of economics, Duke University, Durham, N.C. "Payment accuracy is important, but geographic adjustments are not the optimal way to achieve larger goals, such as ensuring access to clinicians or reducing disparities in care. Such objectives should be addressed through other means."
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The report was sponsored by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine provides objective, evidence-based advice to policymakers, health professionals, the private sector, and the public. The Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Research Council together make up the independent, nonprofit National Academies. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org or http://iom.edu. A committee roster follows.
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Pre-publication copies of Geographic Adjustment in Medicare Payment, Phase II: Implications for Access, Quality, and Efficiency are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu or http://www.iom.edu/adjustmentimpact. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
Board on Health Care Services
Committee on Geographic Adjustment Factors in Medicare Payment
Frank A Sloan, Ph.D. (chair)
J. Alexander McMahon Professor of Health Policy and Management, and
Professor of Economics
Duke University
Durham, N.C.
M. Roy Wilson, M.D., M.S. (vice chair)
Chancellor Emeritus
University of Colorado
Denver
Jon B. Christianson, Ph.D.
James A. Hamilton Chair in Health Policy
and Management
School of Public Health
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
Stuart Guterman, M.A.
Vice President
Payment and System Reform
The Commonwealth Fund
Washington, D.C.
Carlos R. Jaen, M.D., Ph.D., FAAFP
Dr. John Smith Jr. Endowed Professor and Chair
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio
Jack D. Kalbfleisch, Ph.D.
Professor of Biostatistics and Statistics, and
Director
Kidney and Epidemiology Cost Center
School of Public Health
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
Marilyn Moon, Ph.D., R.N.
Senior Vice President and Director
Health Program
American Institutes for Research
Silver Spring, Md.
Cathryn L. Nation, M.D.
Associate Vice President for Health Sciences
Office of the President
University of California
Oakland
Joanne M. Pohl, Ph.D., ANP-BC, FAAN, FAANP
Professor Emerita
Division of Health Promotion and Risk Reduction, and
Principal Investigator
Institute for Nursing Centers
School of Nursing
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
Thomas C. Ricketts, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Health Policy and Administration
and Social Medicine, and
Managing Director
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Research
Gillings School of Global Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill
Jane E. Sisk, Ph.D., M.A.
Scholar-in-Residence
Institute of Medicine, and
Former Director
Division of Health Care Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hyattsville, Md.
Bruce Steinwald, M.B.A.
Independent Consultant
Washington, D.C.
David Vlahov, Ph.D., M.S.N.
Dean and Professor
School of Nursing
University of California
San Francisco
Barbara O. Wynn, M.A.
Senior Policy Analyst
RAND Corp.
Arlington, Va.
Alan M. Zaslavsky, Ph.D.
Professor of Health Care Policy
Harvard Medical School
Boston
Stephen Zuckerman, Ph.D.
Senior Fellow
Health Policy Center
The Urban Institute
Washington, D.C.
STAFF
Margaret Edmunds, Ph.D.
Study Director
END