Several national and state groundwater cleanup programs developed over the last three decades under various federal and state agencies aim to mitigate the human health and ecological risks posed by underground contamination. These programs include cleanup at Superfund sites; facilities that treat, store, and dispose of hazardous wastes; leaking underground storage tanks; and federal facilities, such as military installations. The U.S. Department of Defense has already spent approximately $30 billion in hazardous waste remediation to address past legacies of its industrial operations. DOD sites represent approximately 3.4 percent of the total active remediation sites, but many of these sites present the greatest technical challenges to restoration with very high costs. Therefore, the agency asked the National Research Council to examine the future of groundwater remediation efforts and the challenges facing the U.S. Army and other responsible agencies as they pursue site closures.
"The complete removal of contaminants from groundwater at possibly thousands of complex sites in the U.S. is unlikely, and no technology innovations appear in the near time horizon that could overcome the challenges of restoring contaminated groundwater to drinking water standards," said Michael Kavanaugh, chair of the committee that wrote the report and a principal with Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. in Oakland, Calif. "At many of these complex sites, a point of diminishing returns will often occur as contaminants in groundwater remain stalled at levels above drinking water standards despite continued active remedial efforts. We are recommending a formal evaluation be made at the appropriate time in the life cycle of a site to decide whether to transition the sites to active or passive long-term management."
The estimated range of remediation costs do not account for technical barriers to complete cleanup at complex sites or the costs of cleanup at future sites where groundwater may become contaminated, the committee said. A substantial portion of the costs will come from public sources as some of complex sites are "orphan" sites and many other complex sites are the responsibility of federal or state agencies.
The committee said that the nomenclature for the phases of site cleanup and cleanup progress are inconsistent among public and private sector organizations, which could confuse the public and other stakeholders about the concept of "site closure." For example, many sites thought of as "closed" and considered "successes" still have contamination and will require continued oversight and funding over extended timeframes in order to maintain protectiveness, including 50 percent of the contaminated groundwater sites evaluated by the committee that have been deleted from the Superfund list. More consistent and transparent terminology that simply and clearly explains the different stages of cleanup and progress would improve communication with the public.
"The central theme of this report is how the nation should deal with those sites where residual contamination will remain above levels needed to achieve restoration," Kavanaugh stated. "In the opinion of the committee, this finding needs to inform decision making at these complex sites, including a more comprehensive use of risk assessment methods, and support for a national research and development program that leads to innovative tools to ensure protectiveness where residual contamination persists. In all cases, the final end state of these sites has to be protective of human health and the environment consistent with the existing legal framework, but a more rapid transition will reduce life-cycle costs. Some residual contamination will persist at these sites and future national strategies need to account for this fact."
The committee said that if a remedy at a site reaches a point where continuing expenditures bring little or no reduction of risk prior to attaining drinking water standards, a reevaluation of the future approach to cleaning up the site, called a transition assessment, should occur. The committee concluded that cost savings are anticipated from timelier implementation of the transition assessment process but funding will still be needed to maintain long-term management at these complex sites.
### The report was sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies. They are private and independent nonprofit institutions that provide science, technology, and health policy advice under an 1863 congressional charter. Panel members, who serve pro bono as volunteers, are chosen by the Academies for each study based on their expertise and experience and must satisfy the Academies' conflict-of-interest standards. The resulting consensus reports undergo external peer review before completion. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org/studycommitteprocess.pdf. A committee roster follows.
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Pre-publication copies of Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division on Earth and Life Studies Water Science and Technology Board
Committee on the Future Options for Management in the Nation's Subsurface Remediation Effort
Michael C. Kavanaugh * (chair)
Principal
Geosyntec Consultants
Oakland, Calif.
William M. Arnold
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
Barbara Beck
Principal
Gradient Corp.
Cambridge, Mass.
Yu-Ping Chin
Professor and Division Chair
Department of Geological Sciences
Ohio State University
Columbus
Zaid Chowdhury
Vice President
Malcolm Pirnie Inc.
Phoenix
David E. Ellis
Environmental Scientist
Corporate Remediation Group
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Wilmington, Del.
Tissa H. Illangasekare
AMAX Distinguished Chair and Professor
Environmental Science and Engineering Department
Colorado School of Mines
Golden
Paul C. Johnson
Dean
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering
Arizona State University
Tempe
Mohsen Mehran
CEO and Principal Hydrologist
Rubicon Engineering Corp.
Irvine, Calif.
James W. Mercer
President
Tetra Tech
Sterling, Va.
Kurt D. Pennell
Professor and Chair
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Tufts University
Medford, Mass.
Alan Rabideau
Professor of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering
State University of New York
Buffalo
Allen M. Shapiro
Senior Research Hydrologist
U.S. Geological Survey
Reston, Va.
Leonard M. Siegel
Executive Director
Center for Public Environmental Oversight
Mountain View, Calif.
William J. Walsh
Attorney
Pepper Hamilton LLP
Washington, D.C.
RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
Laura Ehlers
Study Director
*Member, National Academy of Engineering
