Printing soil science

(Press-News.org) Imagine printing a 3-D object as easily as a typed document. Lose a button? Print one. Need a new coffee cup? Print one. While the reality of printing any object on demand may lie in the future, the technology necessary to do it has been available for decades. And soil scientists are now taking advantage of its possibilities.

In a paper published online this week in the Soil Science Society of America Journal, a team of researchers headed by Philippe Baveye explored the potential of manufacturing soil science equipment using 3-D printing. They found that the technology, also called "rapid manufacturing" or "stereolithography," has major benefits over traditional manufacturing methods, and they were able to successfully produce intricate pieces. Also, the ability to easily share the designs used by 3-D printers could allow for better replication of experiments and collaboration among soil scientists.

First developed in the 1980s, the process of 3-D printing begins with a computer-generated model [often a Computer Aided Design (CAD) image] that is "sliced" by a program to create very thin layers of the object. The printer then uses an extruder that lays down a material – frequently a thermal plastic – layer by layer, as defined by the computer program, to create the full 3-D object. This method is currently being used to build a variety of items, such as mobile phones, jewelry, and artificial limbs.

Baveye's team used the technology to create parts of a permeameter, a device used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of soils. Traditionally, this type of equipment is made using lathes and drills. However, those techniques are painstaking and time-consuming. Also, traditional methods cannot create intricate designs or incorporate certain features such as non-concentric structures. Moreover, once a product is made, researchers are resistant to making changes even if the piece would work better if modified.

Baveye and his colleagues found that by using a 3-D printer to create their design of the permeameter parts, they were able to avoid several of these problems of traditional equipment manufacturing. Many designs that used to be impossible to make, such as intricate conduits, can now be easily worked into the 3-D printing models. Also, once a piece is designed and even manufactured, changes to the product can be easily made in the computer model and printed anew.

Says Baveye, "Should anyone want permeameter columns with a narrower or larger diameter, designs can be scaled up or down in seconds, and a new piece can be printed without extra human labor."

By avoiding the painstaking and backbreaking work of traditional methods, 3-D printing has inadvertently leveled the playing field. While in the past few students and researchers were willing to use the drills and lathes, many more now look forward to the opportunity to create and print CAD drawings. This technology has opened doors to aspiring soil scientists that may have otherwise passed on the opportunity to create designs and equipment for their research.

An additional benefit of using 3-D printing, and one that Baveye believes could greatly impact soil science, is the ease with which designs can be shared among researchers. When equipment is made using traditional methods, detailed procedures and even blueprints have to be provided for replication of the experiment. Even then, there are often details that make it difficult for others to produce the same design. 3-D printing eliminates this hurdle.

"CAD files can be easily sent by email to colleagues anywhere in the world," explains Baveye. "That means experiments can be replicated easily, even if they involve complicated pieces of equipment."

While the benefits of 3-D printing are obvious, there are some limitations. The object design must consist of contiguous solid material, and the smallest features must be larger than the minimum resolution of the printer being used. Even with these constraints, however, 3-D printing offers a promising alternative to older manufacturing methods, and Baveye and his colleagues have no doubt that the technology will become a mainstream method.

"We expect that the evolution of 3-D printing will follow that of laser printers," says Baveye. "As the price of 3-D printers continues to fall, we expect that they are going to be more and more widely used in soil science laboratories and in many other disciplines."

### The full article is available for no charge for 30 days following the date of this summary. View the abstract at https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/0/0/sssaj2012.0196n.

Soil Science Society of America Journal, www.soils.org/publications/sssaj, is a peer-reviewed international journal published six times a year by the Soil Science Society of America. Its contents focus on research relating to physics; chemistry; biology and biochemistry; fertility and plant nutrition; genesis, morphology, and classification; water management and conservation; forest, range, and wildland soils; nutrient management and soil and plant analysis; mineralogy; and wetland soils.

The Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) is a progressive, international scientific society that fosters the transfer of knowledge and practices to sustain global soils. Based in Madison, WI, SSSA is the professional home for 6,000+ members dedicated to advancing the field of soil science. It provides information about soils in relation to crop production, environmental quality, ecosystem sustainability, bioremediation, waste management, recycling, and wise land use.

SSSA supports its members by providing quality research-based publications, educational programs, certifications, and science policy initiatives via a Washington, DC, office. Founded in 1936, SSSA proudly celebrated its 75th Anniversary in 2011. For more information, visit www.soils.org or follow @SSSA_soils on Twitter.