The research focused on glucocorticoids, a class of steroid hormones. These hormones have been key ingredients in the chemotherapy cocktail that has helped to push long-term survival for the most common childhood cancer to 85 percent nationwide and about 94 percent at St. Jude. Young acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients whose cancer is resistant to steroids are less likely to survive. Yet the cause of resistance is often unknown.
In this study, scientists identified a mechanism responsible for about one-third of steroid resistance in children and adolescents with ALL. Additional research is needed to determine if the process is at work in adults with ALL, where steroid resistance is more common and long-term survival lags.
"Based on these findings, research has already begun to identify small molecules with the potential to reverse glucocorticoid resistance, leading to more effective treatment and increased survival," said the paper's corresponding author, William Evans, Pharm.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. "Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis and other autoimmune disorders. That means these results have the potential to benefit a wide range of patients."
The study included bone marrow cells from 444 newly identified ALL patients being treated at St. Jude or in the clinical trials sponsored by the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group and the German Cooperative Study Group for Childhood ALL. Cells also were collected at diagnosis and relapse from 49 pediatric ALL patients enrolled in clinical trials organized by the Children's Oncology Group.
By searching across the genome, researchers identified differences in gene activity or expression in leukemia cells that were either sensitive to or resistant to steroids. Caspase 1 (CASP1) and NLRP3 were among the genes with increased activity in steroid-resistant cells. NLRP3 makes a protein that switches on or activates CASP1.
Researchers also identified one reason for the increased gene activity. Cells can lock genes in the "off" position by adding methyl groups to DNA using a process called methylation. Leukemia cells over-expressing CASP1 and NLRP3 had lower levels of methylation compared to cells with normal expression.
Previous research had shown that steroid resistance was more common in young ALL patients who relapsed than in new patients. Investigators in this study checked CASP1 and NLRP3 expression in the ALL patients who relapsed and found expression of both genes was significantly higher.
Glucocorticoids kill cancer cells by regulating the activity of certain genes, including genes that control the cell's apoptotic or suicide pathway. To work, the drugs must bind to glucocorticoid receptors in the liquid interior of cells. The receptors then ferry the drug into the cell nucleus where the steroid and receptors work together to regulate gene activity by binding to DNA.
Researchers discovered that CASP1 blocks glucocorticoids by splitting the receptor where the drug binds and so blocks its access to the nucleus. "Cells that over-express CASP1 are chewing up their glucocorticoid receptor," Evans said. "That means when steroids enter the cell, there is no receptor for the drugs to bind to or fulfill its therapeutic function."
To confirm that CASP1 cleavage of the steroid receptor was pivotal to ALL steroid resistance, researchers engineered a receptor that lacked the CASP1 cleavage site. When they introduced the genetically engineered receptors into ALL cells that expressed high levels of CASP1, the cells remained sensitive to steroids.
Using a variety of techniques, researchers showed that steroid resistance rose or fell in leukemia cells based on CASP1 levels. Over-expression of CASP1 rendered ALL cells five to 15 times more resistant to the glucocorticoids dexamethasone and prednisolone. Both drugs are used at St. Jude to treat ALL.
Researchers showed that reducing CASP1 using genetic, pharmacological or other methods restored steroid sensitivity in leukemia cells.
INFORMATION:
The first author is Steven Paugh, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in Evans' laboratory. The other authors are Erik Bonten, Laura Ramsey, Prajwal Gurung, R.K. Subbarao Malireddi, Marcelo Actis, Anand Mayasundari, Jaeki Min, John Panetta, J. Robert McCorkle, Yiping Fan, Kristine Crews, Mark Wilkinson, Cheng Cheng, Wenjian Yang, Seth Karol, Christian Fernandez, Barthelemy Diouf, Colton Smith, Charles Mullighan, Sima Jeha, Ching-Hon Pui, R. Kiplin Guy, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti and Mary Relling, all of St. Jude; William Thierfelder, David Coss, Lucas Laudermilk, Gabriele Stocco, Antonio Ferreira, J. Kevin Hicks, Alessandra Zanut, Audrey Giordanengo, Daniel Crona, Joy Bianchi, Linda Holmfeldt and Deepa Bhojwani, all formerly of St. Jude; Daniel Savic and Richard Myers, both of HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Ala.; Monique denBoer, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Rob Pieters, Erasmus University and Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Thomas Dunwell and Farida Latif, University of Birmingham, UK; and William Carroll, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York.
The research was funded in part by grants (CA36401, GM92666, CA141762, CA21765) from the National Institutes of Health; the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supplement; and ALSAC.
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St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and defeats childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20 percent to 80 percent since the hospital opened more than 50 years ago. St. Jude is working to increase the overall survival rate for childhood cancer to 90 percent in the next decade. St. Jude freely shares the breakthroughs it makes, and every child saved at St. Jude means doctors and scientists worldwide can use that knowledge to save thousands more children. Families never receive a bill from St. Jude for treatment, travel, housing and food--because all a family should worry about is helping their child live. To learn more, visit stjude.org or follow St. Jude at @stjuderesearch.
