(Press-News.org) The method used to calculate Standard & Poor's Case-Shiller Home Price Indices, the most trusted benchmark for U.S. residential real estate prices, contains a flaw that likely could lead to misstating its monthly estimates, according to a newly published study led by faculty at Florida Atlantic University.
The paper published in the Journal of Real Estate Research identifies an important deficiency in the Weighted Repeated Sales (WRS) method developed by economists Karl Case and Robert Shiller, which compares repeat sales of the same homes in an effort to study home pricing trends both nationally and in 20 metropolitan areas across the country.
The critical flaw in Case-Shiller's method, the paper's authors contend, is its omission of the market risk factor. Ping Cheng, Ph.D., professor of finance in FAU's College of Business, explained what initially got him and his colleagues thinking about the index methodology was an assertion by Case and Shiller in their original work, in which they stated that over longer time intervals, the price changes for an individual home are more likely to be caused by factors other than market forces.
'It just seemed strange that a study aimed at monitoring market price changes will assert that market forces has no bearing on such changes,' said Cheng.
Cheng and his colleagues then conducted a closer examination on the Case-Shiller methodology and concluded that the omission of the market risk factor by Case and Shiller is 'mathematically and conceptually unjustified.' They propose an alternative weight model that properly incorporates the market risk factor.
Traditionally, it's widely accepted that security asset price in an efficient market follows the so-called random walk, a theory that states that the past movement or direction of a stock or overall market cannot be used to predict its future movement. In their 1989 paper, Case and Shiller conclude that the real estate market is not efficient because property prices clearly do not follow the random walk.
'If the housing market is inefficient, price changes over the time intervals between the paired sales cannot be described as random walk,' Cheng said. 'So how do you measure and quantify the impact of the holding period (time interval) on return, the risk, property price and volatility?'
'Case and Shiller did not try to answer this question,' he added. 'Instead they simply asserted that market risk has no bearing on the weight estimation, and ignored it.'
The study's authors tackle this question and present extensive empirical evidence on the relationship between real estate market risk and the holding time (or the time interval between paired sales). The findings are presented in what they call risk lines -- direct observations from a wide range of the real estate market and submarket indices without resorting to complex statistical manipulations.
To see whether the methodological modification makes a difference in the resulting indices, Cheng and his fellow researchers use a large sample of repeat sales from the Washington, D.C. area and construct three repeat sales indices using the original regression methodology developed in 1963 by Bailey, Muth and Nourse (BMN), the Case-Shiller's Weighted Repeated Sales (WRS) method and their modified WRS method. Their comparison shows that market risk clearly affects index performance. In times of high market volatility such as the recent housing boom and bust period, the Case-Shiller index was found to perform worse than the original BMN method.
'Our results suggest that, while weighting the paired sales is important, not weighting properly can be worse than not weighting at all,' Cheng said. 'Given that the indices are the basis for huge amount of tradable housing derivatives (futures and options), there could be real money at stake in the indices' accuracy.'
INFORMATION:
Cheng co-authored the paper with Zhenguo Lin, Ph.D., professor of finance at California State University, Fullerton; Xin He, Ph.D., professor at Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in China; and Yingchun Liu, assistant professor in the Department of Finance, Insurance and Real Estate at Laval University in Canada.
About Florida Atlantic University
Florida Atlantic University, established in 1961, officially opened its doors in 1964 as the fifth public university in Florida. Today, the university, with an annual economic impact of $6.3 billion, serves more than 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students at sites throughout its six-county service region in southeast Florida. FAU's world-class teaching and research faculty serves students through 10 colleges: the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters, the College of Business, the College for Design and Social Inquiry, the College of Education, the College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Graduate College, the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing and the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science. FAU is ranked as a high research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The University is placing special focus on the rapid development of critical areas that form the basis of its strategic plan: Healthy aging, biotech, coastal and marine issues, neuroscience, regenerative medicine, informatics, lifespan and the environment. These areas provide opportunities for faculty and students to build upon FAU's existing strengths in research and scholarship. For more information, visit http://www.fau.edu.
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