"Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest death rates among cancer types. Many people think there are no treatment options, but our study shows that genomic sequencing of patients' tumor samples may identify mutations that match the target of certain clinical trials or drugs that are more precisely appropriate for these patients," says Victor Velculescu, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of oncology and pathology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and co-director of the Kimmel Cancer Center's Cancer Biology Program.
Velculescu cautions that, for patients to realize the treatment-guiding benefit of genomic sequencing, researchers will first need to develop larger, multi-institutional trials using experimental or approved drugs that target the mutations identified by the Johns Hopkins-led team. Currently, pancreatic cancer is treated surgically, and with radiation and chemotherapy.
Results of their sequencing study, using data generated by Personal Genome Diagnostics Inc., a company co-founded by the Johns Hopkins researchers, are published online in the July 7 issue of Nature Communications.
Pancreatic cancers are diagnosed in nearly 50,000 people in the U.S. each year. Fewer than 10 percent of them survive more than five years past diagnosis, and most patients are prescribed therapies based on their disease stage, not the genomic qualities of their cancer. For the sequencing study, Velculescu and his colleagues collected tumor samples and normal DNA from 101 patients with stage II pancreatic cancer whose tumors were surgically removed at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Copenhagen and Washington University at St. Louis.
The team sequenced the whole exomes, or coding regions of the genome, of 24 of the 101 patients' tumor and normal DNA to find genes that drive the cancer's growth, and were commonly mutated among the group. Then, the group sequenced tumor and normal DNA in the rest of the patients, specifically looking for mutations in a subset of cancer-promoting genes.
Pancreatic cancer tissue is often difficult to sequence, and mutations are challenging to find, says co-author Mark Sausen, Ph.D., a former graduate student in Velculescu's laboratory when the research was completed who is now employed by Personal Genome Diagnostics Inc. To overcome this, the team used sensitive "deep sequencing" methods that analyzed each nucleotide base more than 750 times to identify mutated genes.
The team reported that 98 of the 101 patients had tumor mutations in known pancreatic cancer genes, TP53 and KRAS. So far, Sausen says, drugs that target these two mutations have had disappointing results. However, the study identified 38 patients with mutations in genes such as ERBB2, PI3KCA, BRCA2, AKT1 and AKT2 that are the focus of drugs already approved for other diseases, or of ongoing or published clinical trials.
Velculescu says previously published research by Johns Hopkins scientists provided proof of principle of the potential value of drug therapies precisely selected for their ability to address specific cancer mutations. They sequenced the tumor of a patient with pancreatic cancer and found mutations in the PALB2 gene, which is involved in repairing DNA damage. When physicians treated the patient with mitomycin C, a DNA-damaging drug, the patient survived more than five years past diagnosis, well beyond average survival estimates.
Among the mutated genes found in the new sequencing study were those related to chromatin regulation, a process that guides how DNA unfurls small sections of itself, allowing enzymes to activate genes. A group of 20 patients (20 percent) in the current sequencing study who had mutations in either the ARID1A or MLL chromatin-regulating genes and were treated with conventional therapies had double the overall survival of patients lacking the mutations. Eleven patients with mutations in MLL genes were still alive after 32 months, compared with 15 months for patients with normal MLL genes.
In further experiments, the scientists collected blood samples every three months from 51 patients with early-stage pancreatic cancer -- 44 of the 101 subjects who were sequenced in the current study plus seven additional patients -- for up to three years. Some 22 of the 51 (43 percent) had detectable levels of cancer DNA in their blood at the time of their diagnosis. Furthermore, the scientists predicted patients' cancer recurrence after surgery six months earlier by looking for cancer DNA shed into the blood, compared with standard imaging.
"The sooner we find recurrence, the sooner we can intervene with additional therapies," says Velculescu. "Research on liquid biopsies using blood samples is evolving, but these initial results offer hope for developing methods for early detection of residual disease and real-time monitoring of patients' cancers." He says that larger clinical trials are also needed to determine the clinical effectiveness of the blood-based DNA tests.
Sequencing analyses of tumor tissue and DNA-based blood tests costs several thousand dollars, Velculescu says, and are offered by commercial companies and certain hospitals.
If additional studies find sequencing effective for guiding therapy, he envisions sequencing targeted regions of DNA from tumor tissue or blood tests. His team, he says, has narrowed down the number of genes that may be helpful in guiding therapy, although there may be some additional genes missed in the current study.
INFORMATION:
Funding for the study was provided by the American Association for Cancer Research Stand Up To Cancer-Dream Team, the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute (CA121113, CA62924), FasterCures, the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, Swim Across America, Dennis Troper and Susan Wojcicki.
Co-author Luis Diaz and Velculescu are co-founders of Personal Genome Diagnostics Inc. and are members of its scientific advisory board and board of directors. They own Personal Genome Diagnostics stock which is subject to certain restrictions under university policy. The terms of these arrangements are managed by The Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.
Other scientists who contributed to the research include Jillian Phallen, Vilmos Adleff, Valsamo Anagnostou, Qing Kay Li, Carolyn Hruban, Rob Scharpf, James White, James Eshleman, and Ralph Hruban from Johns Hopkins; Mark Sausen, Sian Jones, Rebecca Leary and Derek Murphy from Personal Genome Diagnostics Inc.; Michael Barrett and Daniel Von Hoff from the Translational Genomics Research Institute; Peter O'Dwyer and Jeffrey Drebin from the University of Pennsylvania; Peter Allen, Craig Thompson and David Klimstra from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; David Linehan from the University of Rochester; Anirban Maitra from the MD Anderson Cancer Center; and Julia Johansen from the University of Copenhagen.
On the Web:
Nature Communications: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150707/ncomms8686/full/ncomms8686.html
