(Press-News.org)
As an important reproductive organ of angiosperms, flowers have clear purposefulness and adaptive significance in their various characteristics. As a typical floral evolutionary feature, the floral spur is a tubular structure extending from the petal, which has undergone several independent evolutions in angiosperms (e.g., Impatiens, Aquilegia, Linaria, etc.). Meanwhile, it plays a vital role in the pollination process because of its properties of secreting and storing nectar. In addition, the morphology (length, diameter, degree of distortion), color, and internal structure of spur exhibit a wide range of species diversity. In the process of interacting with pollinators, spur improves pollination efficiency and ecological adaptability through the evolution of characteristics such as length and curvature. Plant lineages with spur often exhibit astonishing species diversity and faster species formation rates, so spur is considered a key innovation and has been the focus of numerous studies such as evolution and ecological hypotheses. The study on the spur development process and the mechanism is helpful to further understand the species diversity and evolutionary mechanism of plant lineages. However, research on spur development has only been conducted in a few species, and its mechanism is not yet clear, showing significant species differences.
In January 2024, Horticulture Research published a research entitled by “The cellular and molecular basis of the spur development in Impatiens uliginosa”.
In this study, Impatiens uliginosa was used as the material to analyze the characteristics and rules of spur development from the perspectives of morphology, histocytology, physiology and molecular biology. The spur development in I. uliginosa is composed of early cell division and later anisotropic cell elongation. During the entire development process, there were two imbalanced cell division events on the inner and outer sides of the spur, which respectively led to the unique upward growth of the spur in the early stage and the formation of spur curve in the middle stage. In addition, substances such as auxin, gibberellin, and jasmonic acid exhibit significant differences in different parts and stages of spur development, indicating that hormones are involved in regulating spur development. The regulation of IuABP and IuEXT genes on spur development was clarified by using RNA-seq and transient expression system in I. uliginosa. The downregulation of IuABP in spur leads to an increase in the number of spur curves and morphological distortion, suggesting that it may regulate cell division or elongation at different stages through the mediation of auxin action, and coordinate the transition between them. The downregulation of IuEXT significantly shortened the spur length by inhibiting cell elongation, leading to the disappearance of spur curve and the inner epidermal papillae. This study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spur development in angiosperms.
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References
Authors
Yang Li12, Wu-lue Huang1, Xin-yi Li1, Ying-duo Zhang3, Dan-chen Meng1, Chun-mei Wei1, Mei-juan Huang1, Hai-quan Huang1
Affiliations
1 College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
2 School of Art and Design, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
3 Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
About Hai-quan Huang & Mei-juan Huang
Prof./Dr. Hai-quan Huang, Director of Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Southwest Forestry University;
Prof./Dr. Mei-juan Huang, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University. The research team has carried out the studies on germplasm resources and innovation of Impatiens, including the collection and evaluation of germplasm resources, phylogeny, genetic engineering and breeding of Impatiens.
END
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