People with schizophrenia show distinct brain activity when faced with conflicting information

(Press-News.org) Scientists have known for decades that the classic symptoms of schizophrenia, such as jumping to conclusions or difficulty adjusting to new information, can be attributed to poor communication between the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, known as the brain’s central switchboard. By measuring brain cell activity between these two regions as volunteers completed ambiguous tasks, a team of Tufts University School of Medicine and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine researchers found a way to use someone’s sensitivity to uncertainty as a diagnostic tool. 

In a study published November 7 in the journal Cell Reports Medicine, the researchers show that people with schizophrenia generate distinct neural patterns when asked to make decisions based on conflicting information. The work offers one of the first biological tests to assess whether someone is prone to inflexible thinking and, by monitoring changes in these patterns, a new way to measure whether treatments are working. 

“Our goal was to derive a biomarker for executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, which only emerged when patients were taxed by an uncertain task,” says physician-scientist Michael Halassa, an associate professor of neuroscience and psychiatry at Tufts University School of Medicine who co-led the study with Neil Woodward, a neuropsychologist at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. “We make decisions that are hierarchical in nature all the time as humans—meaning that we often need to account for misinformation at different levels—but this breaks down in schizophrenia and here is a way we can begin measuring that attribute.”  

Over the course of evolution, the human brain has developed ways to “vote” on which bits of information are most relevant when making decisions. For example, if you go to your favorite restaurant but your meal isn’t the quality you’ve come to expect, you may think the chef is out or having a bad night, but it doesn’t prevent you from coming back. In contrast, a person with schizophrenia may be unable to consider the evidence that the past 20 or 30 visits were great and will no longer want to return to the restaurant. 

Animal studies have shown that this behavior is driven by deficits in how the part of the forebrain that helps animals make sense of complex inputs (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) interfaces with a subcortical region associated with conflict resolution and decision making (the mediodorsal thalamus). Informed by the animal data, the research team developed a series of cognitive and imaging tests to better understand this neural circuitry in humans to establish more accurate diagnostics for patients. 

The scientists asked about 40 study participants—a mixture of neurotypical individuals and patients with schizophrenia—to correctly choose a target’s location based on a sequence of cues that can be made more or less conflicting. For healthy people, performance was very good even when the conflict was high. People with schizophrenia had comparable behavior to controls when there was little conflict, but they made many more errors with conflict levels that were tolerated well by controls. 

“When you look at the behavior, there's an increased susceptibility to sensory noise, so the patients with schizophrenia don't do as well when things become more ambiguous,” said Anna Huang, a research assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Vanderbilt and co-first author of the study. “These results correlated with thalamus and frontal cortex deficits that we could capture in brain activity readouts, predicting a person’s ability to process conflicting information in perceptual as well as memory tasks."

The researchers plan to validate their findings by replicating the methods with a wider range of subjects receiving brain scans as they process ambiguous cues. They also plan on administering hierarchical tasks to subjects, akin to the restaurant example above. The study is part of a wider research initiative the Halassa Lab is pursuing to link neural activity to data that can be interpreted for clinical benefit. 

Also contributing to this study were Ralf Wimmer, research assistant professor of neuroscience and co-first author, and Norman Lam, postdoctoral fellow, from Tufts University School of Medicine, as well as Sahil Suresh, a student in the MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program at Tufts University School of Medicine and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University. 

Complete information on authors, funders, methodology, and conflicts of interest is available in the published paper. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. 

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