More is not always better: Hospitals can reduce the number of hand hygiene observations without affecting data quality

(Press-News.org) Arlington, Va., December 19, 2024 – Hand hygiene (HH) monitoring in hospitals could be reduced significantly, allowing infection preventionists to redirect efforts toward quality improvement and patient safety initiatives, according to a new study published in the American Journal of Infection Control. The study’s findings suggest that hospitals could reduce the number of HH observations from 200 to as few as 50 observations per unit per month without compromising data quality. 

Hand hygiene is the simplest and most effective method to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. However, adherence among healthcare workers is often low. Given its vital role in infection prevention, implementing a reliable HH monitoring program is essential. 

For decades, determining the optimal number of HH observations needed to assess adherence has been a challenge for researchers. In 2019, the Leapfrog Group added a new HH standard to the Leapfrog Hospital Survey which required facilities to collect 200 direct HH observations per month per patient care unit.  In 2021, Leapfrog updated the standard to offer 100 observations per unit per month if hospitals met all the other domains in the standard. Survey and accrediting bodies use HH data to assign quality safety grades. The 200-observation standard was based on a 2009 World Health Organization HH observation method.  

The Leapfrog Group HH standard is challenging for healthcare facilities because of the significant resources needed to gather such a large number of observations and the shift in focus from collecting quality data and educating healthcare teams to achieving a numerical target. The purpose of this investigation was to determine a statistically comparable number of HH observations below the current standard of 100-200 observations per unit per month. Researchers with APIC’s Center for Research, Practice & Innovation analyzed 390,371 HH observations collected in 2023 across 29 facilities within large U.S. hospital systems. They evaluated sample sizes of 25, 50, 100, and 150 observations against the current standard of 200 observations to determine if there was a statistical difference in adherence within a 95% confidence interval (p = 0.05). A power analysis revealed that a sample size of 50 observations was comparable to 200 observations for assessing HH compliance. 

“Strong consideration should be given to reducing the required number of hand hygiene observations,” said Sara Reese, PhD, MPH, CIC, FAPIC, lead investigator and Director of Research at APIC’s Center for Research, Practice & Innovation. “If the participating hospitals were allowed to place less effort on meeting a specific hand hygiene observation number and more effort on feedback, training/education, infrastructure, and culture, they could potentially create a culture that fosters and encourages the importance of HH without the burden of the high number required for the monitoring domain.” 

For a hospital with 12 departmental units, collecting 100-200 direct HH observations requires 67 to 127 hours per month, translating to an annual cost of approximately $36,288–$68,688. By reducing the required number of observations to 50 per unit per month, hospitals could save over $50,000 annually which could be put toward efforts to enhance HH practices and reduce healthcare-associated infections. 

“This paper provides a critical analysis of the essential requirements for measuring hand hygiene compliance,” said 2024 APIC President Tania Bubb, PhD, RN, CIC, FAPIC. “Reducing the number of required observations would alleviate the burden on infection prevention teams and hospitals, enhance the quality of reported data, and free up time and resources for meaningful performance improvement. We strongly encourage quality and safety standards organizations to review these data and decrease hand hygiene observation requirements.” 

About APIC 
Founded in 1972, the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) is the leading association for infection preventionists and epidemiologists. With more than 15,000 members, APIC advances the science and practice of infection prevention and control. APIC carries out its mission through research, advocacy, and patient safety; education, credentialing, and certification; and fostering development of the infection prevention and control workforce of the future. Together with our members and partners, we are working toward a safer world through the prevention of infection. Join us and learn more at apic.org.  

About AJIC 
As the official peer-reviewed journal of APIC, The American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC) is the foremost resource on infection control, epidemiology, infectious diseases, quality management, occupational health, and disease prevention. Published by Elsevier, AJIC also publishes infection control guidelines from APIC and the CDC. AJIC is included in Index Medicus and CINAHL. Visit AJIC at ajicjournal.org.  

NOTES FOR EDITORS 
“Right-sizing Expectations for Hand Hygiene Observation Collection,” by Sara M. Reese, Bryan Knepper, and Rebecca Crapanzano-Sigafoos, was published online in AJIC on December 19, 2024. 

AUTHORS
Sara M. Reese, PhD, MPH, CIC, FAPIC (Corresponding author: sreese@apic.org)  
Center for Research, Practice & Innovation 
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology  

Bryan Knepper, MPH, MS, CIC, FAPIC 
Center for Research, Practice & Innovation 
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology  

Rebecca Crapanzano-Sigafoos, DrPH, CIC, FAPIC 
Center for Research, Practice & Innovation 
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology  

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