Scientists probe the mystery of Titan’s missing deltas

(Press-News.org) PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — For scientists who want to learn about the geological history of a planet, river deltas are a great place to start. Deltas gather sediment from a large area into one place, which can be studied to reveal climate and tectonic histories or signs of past life. That’s why NASA sent its most recent Mars rover to Jezero Crater, home to a prominent and well-preserved delta. 

And that’s why planetary scientists are also interested in finding deltas on Saturn’s moon Titan. Titan is the only planetary body in the solar system besides Earth that has liquid currently flowing across its surface, so its deltas could be a scientific treasure trove.

One problem: Titan appears to be largely devoid of deltas, a new study finds, despite its large rivers of liquid methane and ethane.

“It’s kind of disappointing as a geomorphologist because deltas should preserve so much of Titan’s history,” said Sam Birch, an assistant professor in Brown University’s Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences who led the work. 

But the absence of deltas raises a host of new questions.

“We take it for granted that if you have rivers and sediments, you get deltas,” Birch said. “But Titan is weird. It’s a playground for studying processes we thought we understood.”

Titan is the largest of Saturn’s 274 confirmed moons. Its thick nitrogen and methane atmosphere gives rise to a host of Earth-like climate and weather features. Titan has clouds, wind and rain as well as rivers, lakes and seas. But instead of water, Titan’s fluid bodies contain methane and ethane, which are liquid at Titan’s chilly surface temperatures. 

Scientists learned of Titan’s liquid bodies when the Cassini spacecraft flew by in 2006. Peering through Titan’s thick atmosphere with Cassini’s synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the spacecraft revealed spidering channels and large flat areas consistent with large bodies of liquid.

Largely missing from Cassini’s SAR images, however, were deltas — even at the mouths of large rivers. It wasn’t clear, however, whether the deltas were truly absent, or whether they just didn’t show up in Cassini’s SAR data. That’s the question Birch and his colleagues tried to answer with this new study, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 

The problem with Cassini’s SAR data is that shallow liquid methane is largely transparent in any images. So while the SAR images could see the broad seas and river channels, it’s harder to confidently make out coastal features because it’s difficult to see where the coast ends and where the sea floor begins. 

For the study, Birch developed a numerical model to simulate what Cassini’s SAR would see if it looked at a landscape scientists understand well: Earth. In the model, the water in Earth’s rivers and oceans was replaced by Titan’s methane liquid, which has different radar absorption properties compared to water. 

“We basically made synthetic SAR images of Earth that assume properties of Titan’s liquid instead of Earth’s,” Birch said. “Once we see SAR images of a landscape we know very well, we can go back to Titan and understand a bit better what we’re looking at.”

The research found that the synthetic SAR images of Earth clearly resolved large deltas and many other large coastal landscapes. 

“If there are deltas the size of the one at the mouth of the Mississippi River, we should be able to see it,” Birch said. “If there are large barrier islands and similar coastal landscapes like those we see all along the U.S. Gulf Coast, we should be able to see those.”

But when Birch and his colleagues combed over the Titan images in light of their new analysis, they came up mostly empty. Aside from two probable deltas near Titan’s south pole, the rest of the moon’s rivers were entirely delta-free. The researchers found that only about 1.3% of Titan’s large rivers that terminate at coastlines have deltas. On Earth, in contrast, nearly every river of similar size has a delta. 

It's not entirely clear why Titan generally lacks deltas, Birch says. The fluid properties of Titan’s rivers should make them perfectly capable of carrying and depositing sediment. It could be, the researchers say, that sea levels on Titan rise and fall so rapidly that deltas are smeared across the landscape more quickly than they can be built up in a single spot. Winds and tidal currents along Titan’s coasts may also play an equally large role in preventing delta formation. 

And missing deltas aren’t the only mystery raised by the new research. The new analysis of Cassini SAR data of Titan’s coasts revealed pits of unknown origin deep within lakes and seas. The study also found deep channels on the floors of the seas that seem to have been carved by river flows, but it’s not clear how they got there. 

All of these surprises will require more research to fully understand, Birch says.  

“This is really not what we expected,” Birch said. “But Titan does this to us a lot. I think that’s what makes it such an engaging place to study.”

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