Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are worm-like parasites of the genus Meloidogyne that are found in many parts of the world. They attack the roots of plants, causing them to wilt and eventually die. It is estimated that crops worth nearly USD 173 billion are lost every year due to RKN infestations. While chemical pesticides are effective in controlling RKNs, they also kill other microorganisms that are beneficial to plants, thereby reducing soil fertility. New, less toxic control methods are needed to prevent the loss of crops and soil fertility to RKNs.
Cellular slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum) is a soil-dwelling microorganism known for its ability to coordinate the activity of individual cells using chemical signals. Previous studies have shown that D. discoideum secretions can repel RKNs and protect plant roots. Understanding which of the secreted chemicals are most effective at repelling RKNs could lead to the development of new control methods.
A team of researchers led by Professor Tamao Saito from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Sophia University, Japan, has discovered 14 compounds secreted by slime molds that repel RKNs and could be the source of new, non-toxic anti-RKN pesticides. Their research was first made available online on July 29, 2025, and published in Volume 73, Issue 31 of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry on August 6, 2025.
Prof. Saito says that the aim of their research was “To enhance sustainable agricultural production by addressing the challenge posed by RKNs through the utilization of methodologies that exhibit reduced environmental impact.” Previous research revealed problems when using cell extracts from slime molds. Therefore, the current study used what Prof. Saito calls a conditioned medium (CM), where slime mold cells were collected from growth medium, suspended in buffered water for 3 days, then dried and re-dissolved for use as needed.
CM had a very strong repellent effect against RKNs. At a concentration of 30 mg/mL, CM prevented the hatching of 99% of RKN eggs and killed nearly all juvenile RKNs. Even at a 3 mg/mL concentration, 81% of eggs did not hatch, and 71% of the juveniles were killed. In addition, pot experiments with tomato seedlings showed that daily treatment with CM protected roots from heavy nematode infection for up to 2 months, while also improving aboveground plant growth.
Encouraged by these results, the team then analyzed the chemical composition of the CM. 14 distinct organic compounds were found to repel juvenile RKNs. Of these 14 compounds, four are L-type basic amino acids, five are carboxylic acids, three are antioxidants, along with norepinephrine and pyridoxine. While some compounds were less effective in soil when tested individually, the researchers found that combining them produced a strong synergistic effect. This mixture was far more effective than the compounds alone, showing real potential for use in crop protection.
The team also found that these 14 compounds had synergistic effects. 0.01 mg of the mixture of the 14 compounds was as effective at repelling RKNs as 5 mg of CM, demonstrating the high potency of the mixture. In addition, as these were naturally occurring compounds, they would have very mild effects on soil fertility if used at scale. “Repellent compounds derived from cellular slime molds can contribute to sustainable food production and improved soil health as part of an integrated pest management approach,” says Prof. Saito.
Having identified repellent compounds in CM, Prof. Saito plans to direct future research towards understanding the mechanisms of RKN repulsion. “Since synergistic repellent effects were observed when multiple repellent compounds were mixed, these compounds may enhance repellent behavior by utilizing multiple different signaling pathways,” she says. Adding that: “It is important to verify at the genetic level how repellent substances induce repellent responses in RKNs, and this is the next step of our study.”
Reference
Title of original paper: Identification of Slime Mold Metabolites That Confer Protection to Commercial Crops against Root-Knot Nematodes
Journal: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c04345
Authors: Kana Y. Hayashi1, Yukiko Nagamatsu3, Moemi Kawano1, Sayaka Fuchimoto1, Tsuyoshi Araki2, and Tamao Saito2
Affiliations: 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan, 2Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan, 3Environmental Science Research Institute, Panefri Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan
About Professor Tamao Saito
Dr. Tamao Saito is a professor in the Department of Materials and Life Sciences at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan. She completed her PhD at Hokkaido University, where she also worked until joining Sophia University in 2009. She has published 69 papers, articles, and book chapters. Her primary research areas are chemical biology and molecular biochemistry, with a focus on chemical ecology and the metabolism of cellular slime molds.
About Sophia University
Established as a private Jesuit affiliated university in 1913, Sophia University is one of the most prestigious universities located in the heart of Tokyo, Japan. Imparting education through 29 departments in 9 faculties and 25 majors in 10 graduate schools, Sophia hosts more than 13,000 students from around the world.
Conceived with the spirit of “For Others, With Others,” Sophia University truly values internationality and neighborliness, and believes in education and research that go beyond national, linguistic, and academic boundaries. Sophia emphasizes on the need for multidisciplinary and fusion research to find solutions for the most pressing global issues like climate change, poverty, conflict, and violence. Over the course of the last century, Sophia has made dedicated efforts to hone future-ready graduates who can contribute their talents and learnings for the benefit of others, and pave the way for a sustainable future while “Bringing the World Together.”
Website: https://www.sophia.ac.jp/eng/
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