Evidence-based recommendations empower clinicians to manage epilepsy in pregnancy

MONEAD study guides neurologists in epilepsy care for pregnant patients to improve outcomes and reduce risk of seizures

2025-12-29

(Press-News.org) PITTSBURGH, Dec. 29, 2025 – For the first time, clinicians have access to a clear, evidence-based roadmap for adjusting antiseizure medication doses during pregnancy and after childbirth.

The strategies, practiced by a group of leading women’s neurology experts in the nationwide landmark Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD) study, were published today in Neurology. They are expected to inform clinical practice and help ensure healthy pregnancies for women with epilepsy.

“Our goal was to generate practical evidence that empowers clinicians everywhere—from rural hospitals to urban subspecialty centers—to provide the best possible care for women with epilepsy during pregnancy,” said Page Pennell, M.D., senior author of the study and chair of neurology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. “These strategies are based on real-world data from hundreds of successful pregnancies and can be applied in the clinic immediately.”

Epilepsy affects more than one million American women of childbearing age, but for decades, both patients and physicians have faced uncertainty about how to safely manage antiseizure medications during pregnancy. While some modern antiseizure medications are safer than older drugs, pregnancy changes how the body processes these medications, often necessitating careful dose adjustments to maintain seizure control and protect both mother and baby.

The MONEAD study followed women with epilepsy and their children from pregnancy through age six years. Researchers at 20 academic medical centers, including UPMC as a key clinical partner to Pitt, recorded real-world epilepsy care during pregnancy and postpartum and analyzed the patterns that led to healthy deliveries.

Leading up to the analysis for this new publication, Pennell and her research collaborators were the first to show that blood levels of epilepsy medications often drop early in pregnancy, requiring proactive dose adjustments to prevent breakthrough seizures. A prior MONEAD study report published in the New England Journal of Medicine revealed that pregnant women with epilepsy experienced the same degree of seizure stability as non-pregnant women with epilepsy, but had their medication doses adjusted significantly more often. The MONEAD research also provided critical evidence that children born to women with epilepsy and who were exposed to antiseizure medications in utero reach neurodevelopmental milestones on par with their peers.

Despite these advances, translating knowledge into everyday clinical practice remains challenging. Research conducted by UPMC pediatric neurologist Laura Kirkpatrick, M.D., found that a significant percentage of healthcare providers report low confidence in managing epilepsy during pregnancy—a gap compounded by historical misconceptions and stigma, which contribute to lower birth rates among women with epilepsy.

The new study builds upon this earlier work and offers a detailed and practical week-by-week playbook for dose adjustments during pregnancy and postpartum, filling a longstanding gap in clinical care.

“As a practicing physician who specializes in women’s neurology and pregnancy, I see firsthand how critical timely dose adjustments are for protecting both mother and baby,” said Denise Li, M.D., lead author of the study and assistant professor of neurology at Pitt.  “This guidance gives clinicians the confidence to adjust antiseizure medication doses precisely at every stage of pregnancy and postpartum.”

Ongoing studies at UPMC and partner sites continue to refine medication management strategies for pregnant women with epilepsy to further improve outcomes and support raising awareness of best practices through initiatives such as the Epilepsy and Pregnancy Medical Consortium website.

Other authors of this research are Wesley Kerr, M.D., Ph.D., and Katherine McFarlane, M.S., of Pitt; Alison Pack, M.D., of Columbia University; Jacqueline French, M.D., of NYU Langone; Elizabeth Gerard, M.D., of Northwestern University; Angela Birnbaum, Ph.D., of the University of Minnesota; and Kimford Meador, M.D., of Stanford University.

This research was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grants U01-NS038455, U01-NS050659 and R01-HD105305).

To learn more or explore the research behind these guidelines, visit:

Antiseizure Medication Dosing Strategy During Pregnancy and Early Postpartum in Women With Epilepsy in MONEAD | Neurology® Journals

2024 AAN, AES, And SMFM Practice Guidelines for Epilepsy Management During Pregnancy

MONEAD Study – NIH

UPMC Epilepsy Center

UPMC Physician Resources – Epilepsy & Pregnancy

Epilepsy and Pregnancy Medical Consortium

American Academy of Neurology

American Epilepsy Society

Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Early Drop in Antiseizure Drug Levels During Pregnancy – UPMC

Neurodevelopmental Milestones in Children Exposed to Epilepsy Meds – UPMC

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About the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

As one of the nation’s leading academic centers for biomedical research, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine integrates advanced technology with basic science across a broad range of disciplines in a continuous quest to harness the power of new knowledge and improve the human condition. Driven mainly by the School of Medicine and its affiliates, Pitt has ranked among the top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health since 1998. In rankings released by the National Science Foundation, Pitt is in the upper echelon of all American universities in total federal science and engineering research and development support.

Likewise, the School of Medicine is equally committed to advancing the quality and strength of its medical and graduate education programs, for which it is recognized as an innovative leader, and to training highly skilled, compassionate clinicians and creative scientists well-equipped to engage in world-class research. The School of Medicine is the academic partner of UPMC, which has collaborated with the University to raise the standard of medical excellence in Pittsburgh and to position health care as a driving force behind the region’s economy. For more information about the School of Medicine, see www.medschool.pitt.edu.

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Evidence-based recommendations empower clinicians to manage epilepsy in pregnancy

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