(Press-News.org) Although swine influenza viruses usually sicken only pigs, potentially one might also spark a pandemic in people, as occurred with the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Because few long-term studies have surveyed flu viruses in swine, however, gaps exist in what is known about the evolution of swine influenza viruses and the conditions that enable a swine virus to infect humans and cause disease.
In new research reported in Nature, scientists analyzed the genetic makeup of more than 650 influenza viruses isolated during the systematic surveillance of pigs slaughtered in Hong Kong between 1998 and 2010. When the investigators supplemented this information with additional data stretching back 34 years, they could discern when specific subtypes of flu virus—including strains that had previously infected only birds or humans—first appeared in Hong Kong swine.
The researchers also traced the relative abundance of each of three major swine influenza virus lineages: classical, Eurasian avian-like and triple reassortant. Examples of all three of these long-established virus family lineages were found in varying proportions in samples gathered between 2002 and 2009. Before 2003, the classical lineage predominated; by 2005, the Eurasian lineage, first detected in 2001, had become most common. The most recent samples contain not only viruses from the three previously established swine lineages, but also from the new 2009 H1N1 strain. It is not yet known whether the new pandemic strain will permanently establish itself in swine.
According to this analysis, the three swine influenza virus lineages have crossed geographic boundaries, including continents. Such extensive co-circulation of multiple strains facilitates gene-swapping between viruses, note the researchers, and they recommend continued surveillance of swine influenza genetic diversity to better understand how this process might give rise to variants with the potential to cause human flu epidemics. Their baseline data not only show the evolutionary dynamics in swine influenza, but also highlight ways in which swine flu viruses might most readily adapt to cause infection in people.
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The study was funded in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, through the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance program. For more information about NIAID influenza research, visit the NIAID Flu Web portal.
ARTICLE:
D Vijaykrishna et al. Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature10004 (2011).
WHO:
NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and Diane J. Post, Ph.D., NIAID Influenza Surveillance and Transmission Program Officer, are available to comment.
CONTACT:
To schedule interviews, please contact Anne A. Oplinger, (301) 402-1663, aoplinger@niaid.nih.gov.
NIAID conducts and supports research—at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide—to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov/.
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