Women warriors show resilience similar to men

(Press-News.org) WASHINGTON – Women service members who experience combat are apparently as resilient as the men they serve alongside, according to a study published by the American Psychological Association.

Men and women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in 2007 and 2008 experienced very similar levels of combat-related stress and post-deployment mental health impacts during the first year following return from deployment, researchers reported in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, published by APA.

"Contrary to popular belief, women who go to war respond to combat trauma much like their male counterparts," said lead author Dawne Vogt, PhD, of the Veterans Administration National Center for PTSD and Boston University School of Medicine. "And with the unpredictable guerilla tactics of modern warfare, barring women from ground combat is less meaningful."

The findings are particularly significant given the recent call for the Pentagon to reverse its longstanding policy that bars women from ground combat, Vogt said. As of 2009, more than 750 women had been wounded or killed in action during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom, the paper states.

The research was based on survey responses from 595 service members drawn from a random sample from the Defense Manpower Data Center roster. It included 340 women and 252 men from active duty, National Guard, and Reserve forces. The women, on average, were three years younger and more likely to belong to a racial/ethnic minority group. The men were more likely to be married, living with children, have higher incomes and to have served in the Marine Corps during their deployment.

Researchers used stress measures that included exposure to combat involving firing a weapon, being fired on, and witnessing injury and death; experiencing consequences of combat, such as observing or handling human remains and dealing with detainees; enduring difficult living situations in the war zone; and fearing for one's safety and well-being.

As expected, men reported more exposure to combat and battle aftermath, as well as difficult living conditions. "The fact that these differences were relatively small, however, suggests that women's exposure to these stressors in [Iraq and Afghanistan] may be, on average, only slightly lower than men's exposure on average," the study states.

Few gender differences were reported in post-deployment mental health. Specifically, levels of post-traumatic stress, mental health functioning, and depression were similar, though scores on substance abuse were higher for men than women.

The findings could reflect improved training of female service members in recent years and that combat duty may equalize risk due to its persistent level of threat, according to the study.

### The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 154,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting health, education and human welfare.

Article: "Gender Differences in Combat-Related Stressors and Their Association With Post-deployment Mental Health in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans," Dawne Vogt, PhD, Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System and Division of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine; Rachel Vaughn, Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System; Mark E. Glickman, PhD, Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, and Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Mark Schultz, PhD ,Mari-Lynn Drainoni, PhD, Rani Elwy, PhD ,and Susan Eisen, PhD Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital; Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Online, June 1, 2011 http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/abn-ofp-vogt.pdf

Contact: Dr. Dawne Vogt at 857-364-5976, Dawne.Vogt@va.gov