Conducting research with children is inherently more difficult than with adults. Pediatric patients also offer drug companies a much smaller market and potential economic return. Clinicians often treat children with drugs that have been approved for use with adults but have not been studied with children, even though the drugs may have different risk-benefit profiles for pediatric patients. Recognizing a shortage in knowledge of how medications affect children, Congress has sought to increase pediatric studies of medications under two laws, the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA), which offers companies economic incentives to study medications in children, and the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA), which requires such studies in specific situations. Both laws are due for reauthorization this year. As specified by Congress, FDA asked IOM to review certain aspects of studies that have been conducted under the laws.
The laws have had positive effects, noted the committee that wrote the report. They have spurred the development of helpful information about the uses of therapies in pediatric patients and have expanded access to information from these studies, including FDA reviews of clinical data submitted by study sponsors. FDA reviewers generally have been thorough in assessing the efficacy of drugs, evaluating adverse events, and reaching conclusions about the safety profile of drugs studied in children, the committee concluded.
To further enhance the impact of the legislation, the report suggested that FDA consider more frequent use of its authority to require sponsors to undertake long-term follow-up studies after products have been approved for market. Because children's bodies and minds are continuing to develop and because some therapies for chronic conditions may be used for many years, pediatric studies of drug safety and effectiveness over the long term are important, but they are not commonly required.
Newborn children, especially premature infants, are particularly vulnerable to drug-induced harm and are especially difficult to study. Many drugs used with neonates are older medications, and the incentives and requirements of BPCA and PREA do not apply to them. To promote studies of newer and more widely used drugs that have not been adequately evaluated in these youngest patients, Congress could provide additional resources for short- and long-term neonatal drug studies through the existing BPCA program at the National Institutes of Health, the report says.
Congress extended the incentives of BPCA to biological therapies in 2010. It is too early to assess the effects of the law on this therapeutic category, but the committee found that most biologics either have been or are being studied with children.
Although companies have stepped up their efforts to conduct research involving children in response to BPCA and PREA, it can still take a long time for needed information to be generated, the report noted. To improve the timeliness of pediatric studies, Congress could specify that sponsors submit their plans for pediatric studies at the end of phase II trials involving adults. To address concerns that FDA has limited ability to require completion of studies in children, Congress could consider providing FDA with more flexibility to impose sanctions, including monetary penalties, for unreasonably delayed studies.
INFORMATION:
The report was sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine provides objective, evidence-based advice to policymakers, health professionals, the private sector, and the public. The Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Research Council together make up the independent, nonprofit National Academies. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org or http://iom.edu. A committee roster follows.
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Copies of Safe and Effective Medicines for Children: Studies Conducted Under the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and the Pediatric Research Equity Act are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu. Additional information is available at http://www.iom.edu/safemedsforkids. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
Board on the Health of Select Populations
Committee on the Review of Pediatric Studies Conducted Under the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and the Pediatric Research Equity Act
Thomas F. Boat, M.D. (chair)
Vice President for Health Affairs;
Christian R. Holmes Professor; and
Dean
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Peter C. Adamson, M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics and Pharmacology
School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania;
Chief
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics;
Director
Clinical and Translational Research
Research Institute
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Richard E. Behrman, M.D., Ph.D.
Consultant
Santa Barbara, Calif.
Francis S. Cole III, M.D.
Park J. White Professor of Pediatrics;
Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology
School of Medicine
Washington University; and
Chief Medical Officer
St. Louis Children's Hospital
St. Louis
Brian Feldman, M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Health Policy Management and Evaluation, and
Professor
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
Toronto
Pat Furlong, B.S.N.
Founding President and CEO
Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy
Middletown, Ohio
Eric Kodish, M.D.
Director
Center for Ethics, Humanities, and Spiritual Care
Cleveland Clinic;
F.J. O'Neill Professor and Chair of Bioethics; and
Professor of Pediatrics
Lerner College of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland
Jennifer Li, M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine;
Director of Pediatric Clinical Research
Duke Clinical Research Institute;
Core Director of Pediatrics
Duke Translational Medicine Institute; and
Division Chief of Pediatric Cardiology
Duke University Health System
Durham, N.C.
Christina Markus, J.D.
Deputy Practice Leader
Food and Drug Administration, and
Partner
Life Sciences Group
King and Spalding LLP
Washington, D.C.
Milap C. Nahata, M.S., Pharm.D.
Division Chairman and Professor
College of Pharmacy, and
Professor of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine
College of Medicine
Ohio State University
Columbus
Mark Riddle, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, and
Director
Children's Interventions Research Program in Psychiatry
School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D.
James B. Duke Professor;
Chair of Pediatrics; and
Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, N.C.
Robert Ward, M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics, and
Medical Director
Pediatric Pharmacology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City
STAFF
Marilyn J. Field, M.D.
Study Director
END
