(Press-News.org) Federal Express® and UPS® are no match for the human body when it comes to distribution. There exists in cancer biology an impressive packaging and delivery system that influences whether your body will develop cancer or not.
One area of interest focuses on histones, the chief component of chromatin, a cluster of large molecules. Aberrations in chromatin are thought to lead to DNA damage such as with cancer. Researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center announced findings indicating a possible new way of manipulating chromatin and its histones through a protein reader known as the YEATS domain protein.
Protein readers attach to histone "tails" and play an important role in gene activation.
"Our findings indicate the importance of the YEATS domains as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer," said Xiaobing Shi, Ph.D., assistant professor of epigenetics and molecular carcinogenesis at MD Anderson. "We have identified YEATS as a novel 'reader' for histone acetylation.
Shi's findings are published in this month's issue of Cell.
When DNA wraps around histones much like baling twine on a spool, they form a larger collection of DNA-wrapped histones called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are further packaged into chromatin containing DNA, protein and RNA. Chromatin's role is to shrink DNA to fit into a cell thus preventing DNA damage and allowing healthy cell division through controlled gene expression. Certain histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation are critical to chromatin's performance.
"These histone modifications serve as docking sites for reader proteins which recognize specific modifications and influence downstream biological outcomes," said Shi. "Compared with a great variety of readers that have previously been identified for histone methylation, few reader proteins that recognize histone acetylation are known."
In other words, if the scanner doesn't recognize the barcode on your package, things can go terribly wrong. In the case of something as crucial as DNA packaging and delivery, it could mean cancer.
A family of histone acetylation readers called bromodomain was discovered about a decade ago and was thought to be the sole "reader" for histone acetylation, until now.
"Earlier identification of potent inhibitors target bromodomain proteins has proved histone acetylation readers to be attractive therapeutic targets," said Shi. "Our findings add to this understanding by identifying the YEATS domains as yet another histone acetylation reader that we believe is connected to both healthy and potentially cancer-causing processes."
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Other MD Anderson team members included Hong Wen, Ph.D., Kaori Tanaka, Danni Peng, Qihuang Jin, Ph.D. and Sharon Dent, Ph.D., all of the department of epigenetics and molecular carcinogenesis. Other participating institutions included Tsinghua University, Beijing; and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.
The study was funded by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT RP110471); the American Cancer Society (RSG-13-290-01-TBE); The National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB965300); the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University; the MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Research Grant; and the Center for Cancer Epigenetics pilot grant.
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