It is found in many chemical reactions as a catalyst, as a pigment in plastics, paints or cosmetics and in medical implants it guarantees their high biocompatibility. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is practically ubiquitous today, which does not mean that all its properties are already known to humanity. A group of scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) in Cracow, led by Dr. Jakub Szlachetko, working on the Solaris synchrotron, has managed to shed some light on the details of the oxidation processes of the outer layers of titanium samples and the related changes in the electronic structure of the material. The research on titanium dioxide inaugurated the presence of IFJ PAN scientists in the research programs carried out on the SOLARIS synchrotron. The device, operating as part of the National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, is situated in Cracow on the campus of the 600th anniversary of the Jagiellonian University.
Synchrotron radiation was discovered in 1947, when General Electric launched an accelerator that curved the path of accelerated electrons with the use of magnets. The particles would then start emitting light randomly, so they lost energy - whereas they were supposed to gain it! Synchrotron radiation was therefore considered an undesirable effect. Only thanks to successive generations of synchrotron radiation sources were light beams with higher intensities and better quality of emitted light achieved, including high repeatability of pulses with practically always the same characteristics.
The SOLARIS synchrotron, the largest and most modern device of this type in Central Europe, consists of two main parts. The first is a 40 m long linear electron accelerator. Particles gain energies of 600 megaelectronvolts here, after which they reach the second part of the apparatus - the interior of an accumulation ring with a circumference of 96 m, where curving magnets, wigglers and undulators are placed in their path. These are sets of alternately oriented magnets, inside which the shape of the electron path begins to resemble a sinusoid. It is then that the "wobbling" electrons emit synchrotron radiation, directed to the appropriate end stations with measuring equipment. The electromagnetic waves produced by SOLARIS are classified as soft X-rays.
The unique features of synchrotron radiation have many applications: they assist in the development of new materials, track the course of chemical reactions and make it possible to conduct experiments useful for the development of nanotechnology, microbiology, medicine, pharmacology and many other fields of science and technology.
"Research on the SOLARIS synchrotron opens up entirely new possibilities, so it is no wonder that many research groups from Poland and throughout the world apply for beamtime here. Although our Institute - just like the SOLARIS synchrotron - is located in Cracow, like everyone we competed in terms of research quality for beamtime at the appropriate measurement station," says Prof. Wojciech M. Kwiatek, head of the Division of Interdisciplinary Research at the IFJ PAN and President of the Polish Synchrotron Radiation Society. Prof. Kwiatek notes that in an era of travel restrictions caused by the development of the pandemic, the possibility of conducting advanced physical examinations practically on site is a huge advantage.
Researchers from the IFJ PAN conducted their latest measurements, co-financed by the Polish National Science Centre, at the XAS experimental station. It records how X-rays are absorbed by the surface layers of titanium samples previously produced at the Institute under carefully controlled conditions.
"We focused on observations of the changes in the electronic structure of the surface layers of samples depending on changes in temperature and progress of the oxidation process. For this purpose, we heated titanium discs at different temperatures and ambient atmospheres. After being transported to the synchrotron experimental station, the samples were illuminated with synchrotron radiation, i.e. X-rays. Since the properties of synchrotron radiation are well known, we were able to use it to precisely determine the structure of unoccupied electronic states of titanium atoms and on this basis make conclusions about changes in the structure of the material," says PhD student Klaudia Wojtaszek (IFJ PAN), the first author of the article published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry A.
Titanium dioxide occurs in three polymorphic forms, characterized by different crystallographic structures. The most popular is rutile, a mineral that is common in many rocks (the other varieties are anatase and brookite). Research on the SOLARIS synchrotron allowed the physicists from Cracow to precisely recreate the process of forming the rutile phase. It turned out that it is formed at lower temperatures than previously thought.
"Our research provides fundamental knowledge about the structure of the material. However, this structure is closely related to the physico-chemical properties of the titanium dioxide surface. Potentially, our results can therefore be used, for example, to optimize the surface characteristics of medical implants," concludes Dr. Anna Wach, who was responsible for the conduction of experiment at SOLARIS synchrotron.
INFORMATION:
The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) is currently one of the largest research institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences. A wide range of research carried out at IFJ PAN covers basic and applied studies, from particle physics and astrophysics, through hadron physics, high-, medium-, and low-energy nuclear physics, condensed matter physics (including materials engineering), to various applications of nuclear physics in interdisciplinary research, covering medical physics, dosimetry, radiation and environmental biology, environmental protection, and other related disciplines. The average yearly publication output of IFJ PAN includes over 600 scientific papers in high-impact international journals. Each year the Institute hosts about 20 international and national scientific conferences. One of the most important facilities of the Institute is the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB), which is an infrastructure unique in Central Europe, serving as a clinical and research centre in the field of medical and nuclear physics. In addition, IFJ PAN runs four accredited research and measurement laboratories. IFJ PAN is a member of the Marian Smoluchowski Kraków Research Consortium: "Matter-Energy-Future", which in the years 2012-2017 enjoyed the status of the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) in physics. In 2017, the European Commission granted the Institute the HR Excellence in Research award. The Institute holds A+ Category (the highest scientific category in Poland) in the field of sciences and engineering.
CONTACTS:
Dr. Anna Wach
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
tel.: +48 12 6628179
email: anna.wach@ifj.edu.pl
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS:
"Determination of Crystal-Field Splitting Induced by Thermal Oxidation of Titanium"
K. Wojtaszek, W. Blachucki, K. Tyrala, M. Nowakowski, M. Zajac, J. Stepien, P. Jagodzinski, D. Banas, W. Stanczyk, J. Czapla-Masztafiak, W. M. Kwiatek, J. Szlachetko, A. Wach
Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2021, 125, 1, 50-56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07955
LINKS:
https://synchrotron.uj.edu.pl/
The website of the SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre.
http://www.ifj.edu.pl/
The website of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences.
http://press.ifj.edu.pl/
Press releases of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences.
IMAGES:
IFJ210331b_fot01s.jpg
HR: http://press.ifj.edu.pl/news/2021/03/31/IFJ210331b_fot01.jpg
Klaudia Wojtaszek (IFJ PAN) prepares samples for placement in the measurement chamber at the XAS research station of the SOLARIS synchrotron. (Source: IFJ PAN)
IFJ210331b_fot02s.jpg
HR: http://press.ifj.edu.pl/news/2021/03/31/IFJ210331b_fot02.jpg
Interior of the measurement chamber at the XAS research station of the Cracow synchrotron SOLARIS. (Source: IFJ PAN)
