The researchers will present their results today at the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS). ACS Spring 2021 is being held online April 5-30. Live sessions will be hosted April 5-16, and on-demand and networking content will continue through April 30. The meeting features nearly 9,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
"For decades, we have focused on cleaning or restoring classical artworks that used paints designed to last centuries," says Piero Baglioni, Ph.D., the project's principal investigator. "In contrast, modern art and street art, as well as the coatings and graffiti applied on top, use materials that were never intended to stand the test of time."
Research fellow Michele Baglioni, Ph.D., (no relation to Piero Baglioni) and coworkers built on their colleagues' work and designed a nanostructured fluid, based on nontoxic solvents and surfactants, loaded in highly retentive hydrogels that very slowly release cleaning agents to just the top layer -- a few microns in depth. The undesired top layer is removed in seconds to minutes, with no damage or alteration to the original painting.
Street art and overlying graffiti usually contain one or more of three classes of paint binders -- acrylic, vinyl or alkyd polymers. Because these paints are similar in composition, removing the top layer frequently damages the underlying layer. Until now, the only way to remove unwanted graffiti was by using chemical cleaners or mechanical action such as scraping or sand blasting. These traditional methods are hard to control and often damaged the original art.
"We have to know exactly what is going on at the surface of the paintings if we want to design cleaners," explains Michele Baglioni, who is at the University of Florence (Italy). "In some respects, the chemistry is simple -- we are using known surfactants, solvents and polymers. The challenge is combining them in the right way to get all the properties we need."
Michele Baglioni and coworkers used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to characterize the binders, fillers and pigments in the three classes of paints. After screening for suitable low-toxicity, "green" solvents and biodegradable surfactants, he used small angle X-ray scattering analyses to study the behavior of four alkyl carbonate solvents and a biodegradable nonionic surfactant in water.
The final step was formulating the nanostructured cleaning combination. The system that worked well also included 2-butanol and a readily biodegradable alkyl glycoside hydrotrope as co-solvents/co-surfactants. Hydrotropes are water-soluble, surface-active compounds used at low levels that allow more concentrated formulations of surfactants to be developed. The system was then loaded into highly retentive hydrogels and tested for its ability to remove overpaintings on laboratory mockups using selected paints in all possible combinations.
After dozens of tests, which helped determine how long the gel should be applied and removed without damaging the underlying painting, he tested the gels on a real piece of street art in Florence, successfully removing graffiti without affecting the original work.
"This is the first systematic study on the selective and controlled removal of modern paints from paints with similar chemical composition," Michele Baglioni says. The hydrogels can also be used for the removal of top coatings on modern art that were originally intended to preserve the paintings but have turned out to be damaging. The hydrogels will become available commercially from CSGI Solutions for Conservation of Cultural Heritage, a company founded by Piero Baglioni and others. CSGI, the Center for Colloid and Surface Science, is a university consortium mainly funded through programs of the European Union.
INFORMATION:
A press conference on this topic will be held Tuesday, April 13, at 11 a.m. Eastern time online at http://www.acs.org/acsspring2021conferences.
The researchers acknowledge support and funding from the European Union NANORESTART (Nanomaterials for the Restoration of Works of Art) Program and CSGI.
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Title
Selective removal of over-paintings using an environmentally friendly nanostructured fluid loaded in highly retentive hydrogels
Abstract
The removal (cleaning) of over-paintings (i.e., paint layers laid on preexisting paintings) or graffiti is becoming a priority for conservators and restorers. This operation is complex, and it is further complicated when over-paintings lay on painted surfaces that must be preserved, as in the case of writings or tags on street art, where the two layers are usually also chemically similar. Traditional methodologies do not usually provide satisfactory results, especially when a controlled and selective cleaning is needed. In this contribution, a systematic study on the selective and controlled removal of modern paints from chemically similar paints is reported. Several paints including different binder classes, i.e., vinyl, acrylic and alkyd polymers were characterized by means of attenuated total reflection--Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and their composition was unveiled in terms of binders, pigment and fillers. A screening of possible solvents to be used for the overpainting removal was performed with neat solvents and via mechanical action with cotton swabs soaked with the same solvents. Two-, three, and pseudo-three components (solvents + surfactant) phase diagrams were studied to formulate a novel nanostructured fluid based on green (low-toxicity) organic solvents and on a biodegradable nonionic surfactant. Size, shape and composition of supra molecular aggregates of the novel nanostructured fluid were determined by means of small angle X-ray scattering. Finally, this system was loaded in highly retentive hydrogels and successfully used for the selective removal of overpaintings on laboratory mockups, prepared using the selected paints in all the possible combinations. The proposed methodology and cleaning system were ultimate assessed in the selective removal of black tags from a real piece of street art with excellent results.
