Understanding brain structure is a central challenge in neuroscience. Although brain structure changes throughout life and is linked to both aging and neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, the underlying molecular processes involved—including cellular senescence—are not defined. Cellular senescence is commonly defined as a state characterized by permanent cell cycle arrest in the absence of cell death, in which cells have altered function. While cellular senescence has been implicated in aging and disease, its role in shaping human brain structure—both during development and aging—has remained unclear.
“This is the first study to directly link senescence-related molecular networks in living human brain tissue to measurable differences in brain structure within the same individuals,” said Noam Beckmann, PhD, Director of Data Sciences and founding member for the Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Assistant Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, and co-senior author of the paper. “By identifying molecular pathways that are engaged in both brain structure development and aging, our work highlights senescence as a fundamental biological feature of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease and helps prioritize targets for future experimental research aimed at protecting brain health.”
A key resource that was used as the discovery cohort in this study is the Living Brain Project, which uniquely pairs prefrontal cortex biopsies obtained during deep brain stimulation procedures with brain imaging data, allowing researchers to study molecular and structural features together in living individuals. The research team developed a method to define senescent cells in human brain tissue and used the resource to examine how senescence-related gene expression is associated with brain structure.
“This study addresses a major gap in the field by directly linking molecular features of the brain to neuroimaging measures in the same individuals,” said Alexander W. Charney, MD, PhD, Director of The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine and Vice Chair of the Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and co-senior author of the paper. “By leveraging datasets from the Living Brain Project, we can begin to understand how senescence-related biology may differentially influence brain organization across cell types and across the lifespan.”
Among the study’s most striking findings was evidence that cellular senescence plays distinct roles in brain structure depending on cell type and stage of life. Genes associated with senescence in microglia—the primary immune cells in the brain—were linked to larger brain volumes, while senescence-related genes in excitatory neurons were associated with smaller brain volumes in the aging brain. Notably, the excitatory neuron findings were also observed early in life, providing the first evidence that senescence-related processes are at work soon after embryonic development.
"We were excited to see clear signs of senescence in both the aging and developing brain using our new method,” said Anina N. Lund, PhD, a former neuroscience graduate student and now postdoctoral fellow at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and lead author of the study. “Our results support brain cellular senescence as an example of ‘antagonistic pleiotropy’—the idea that some genes help survival or fertility early in life but cause harm later, contributing to aging and disease. Most prior work links brain cellular senescence only to brain aging, but our finding of it during development shows this process is not just a marker of aging or disease; it also may play key roles in early brain development.”
“Often the greatest developments in medicine are not through invention of totally new means but through a unique understanding of whatever is already in reach,” said Brian Kopell, MD, Director of the Center for Neuromodulation at Mount Sinai and co-lead of The Living Brain Project. “This work represents another fruition of the Living Brain Project’s ability to harness known data types in unique combinations to pave the way for future therapies. While brain ‘senescence’ or growing frail is largely accepted as a normal process of aging, this data set represents an opportunity to challenge that notion.”
While the findings do not point to immediate treatments, they offer a framework for understanding how brain structure changes over time and how age-related differences may emerge. The authors acknowledge the study’s limitations (relatively small and clinically specific cohort; focus on the prefrontal cortex; finding associations, not causal evidence) but are confident that their findings lay important groundwork for future research.
Future directions include expanding to larger and more diverse cohorts, refining cell type-specific definitions of senescence, and conducting experimental studies to determine whether senescence-related pathways causally influence brain structure. Together, these efforts could help clarify when and where senescence supports brain health—and when it may contribute to vulnerability in aging and in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Proteomics data for this project was generated by BPGbio. In the past, Eric J. Nestler, MD, PhD, Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Dean of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, served as a paid consultant for BPGbio. Dr. Nestler holds equity in the Company. Dr. Nestler was involved in this project as a thesis adviser for Dr. Lund and had no decision-making authority over experiments.
About the Mount Sinai Health System
Mount Sinai Health System is one of the largest academic medical systems in the New York metro area, with 48,000 employees working across seven hospitals, more than 400 outpatient practices, more than 600 research and clinical labs, a school of nursing, and a leading school of medicine and graduate education. Mount Sinai advances health for all people, everywhere, by taking on the most complex health care challenges of our time—discovering and applying new scientific learning and knowledge; developing safer, more effective treatments; educating the next generation of medical leaders and innovators; and supporting local communities by delivering high-quality care to all who need it.
Through the integration of its hospitals, labs, and schools, Mount Sinai offers comprehensive health care solutions from birth through geriatrics, leveraging innovative approaches such as artificial intelligence and informatics while keeping patients’ medical and emotional needs at the center of all treatment. The Health System includes approximately 9,000 primary and specialty care physicians and 10 free-standing joint-venture centers throughout the five boroughs of New York City, Westchester, Long Island, and Florida. Hospitals within the System are consistently ranked by Newsweek’s® “The World’s Best Smart Hospitals, Best in State Hospitals, World Best Hospitals and Best Specialty Hospitals” and by U.S. News & World Report's® “Best Hospitals” and “Best Children’s Hospitals.” The Mount Sinai Hospital is on the U.S. News & World Report® “Best Hospitals” Honor Roll for 2025-2026.
For more information, visit https://www.mountsinai.org or find Mount Sinai on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, X, and YouTube.
###
END