People born after World War II are more likely to binge drink, develop alcohol disorders

(Press-News.org) Contact: Katherine M. Keyes, Ph.D.
kmk2104@columbia.edu
212-543-5002
Columbia University Richard A. Grucza, Ph. D., M.P.E.
rick@wustl.edu
314-362-6535
Washington University School of Medicine Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research
People born after World War II are more likely to binge drink, develop alcohol disorders Drinking can be influenced by both personal and societal factors, the latter leading to “drinking cultures.” Researchers have completed a review of 31 studies on birth-cohort and gender differences in drinking. Analysis shows that people born after World War II are more likely to binge drink and develop alcohol use disorders, and that women are “catching up” to men in terms of alcohol problems.

Drinking can be influenced by both personal and societal factors, including economic fluctuations, political instability, and social norms. These factors, in turn, can vary among countries and time periods, leading to different "drinking cultures." A review of 31 peer-reviewed and published studies looked at birth-cohort and gender differences in alcohol consumption, alcohol disorders, and mortality. Analysis showed that people born after World War II are more likely to binge drink and develop alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and that the gender gap in alcohol problems is narrowing in many countries.

Findings will be published in the December 2011 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.

"The literature on alcohol consumption indicates that younger birth
cohorts, especially women, are increasingly at risk for the
development of AUDs," said Katherine M. Keyes, a post-doctoral
fellow in epidemiology at Columbia University and corresponding author for the study. "Given that alcoholism among women is increasing,
there is a need for specific public health prevention and intervention
efforts. Further, results suggest the
environment increases risk for alcoholism. While AUDs have a substantial genetic
contribution, birth-cohort effects indicate that factors in the
environment such as policies, laws, social norms, availability, and
broader social context also contribute substantially to underlying
risk for AUDs in the population."

Richard A. Grucza, an epidemiologist at Washington University School of Medicine, agrees. "Social and cultural factors are among the most powerful determinants of alcohol use and other health behaviors," he said. "For example, one approach to intervention for high-risk drinkers, particularly in younger age groups, is to make them realize that they consume quite a bit more alcohol then their peers. The realization that one's behavior falls outside of a generally accepted 'social norm' often results in behavioral change. Other aspects unique to a particular society at a given time, such as alcohol prices and availability, can be influenced by raising alcohol excise taxes or restricting liquor store hours and thus shape alcohol use."

Although the literature analysis found that younger birth cohorts in North America, especially those born after World War II, are more likely than other cohorts to engage in heavy episodic drinking and develop AUDs, this cohort effect was not found in Australia and Western Europe.

"The U.S. differs from Western Europe and Australia in that we have a fairly large number of people who don't drink at all," explained Grucza. "Europe and Australia, on the other hand, have historically had few 'teetotalers.' Over time, we see the number of non-drinkers in the U.S. decreasing, whereas alcohol use has always been more pervasive in some other Western cultures.

"The results on gender
highlight the need for increasing research on the social etiology of
AUDs," said Keyes. "Traditionally, gender differences are explained by
biological differences in the ability of the body to metabolize
alcohol and other biological mechanisms. These results suggest that
the magnitude of gender differences in AUDs changes over
time, highlighting an important role for societal factors in the
production of AUDs in the population."

Grucza concurs. "This review points out that problem drinking among young women is still on the rise," he said. "Whereas several individual studies have suggested this in the past, I believe this is the first review that synthesizes all of the evidence. This is an important observation for clinicians and public health professionals to be aware of. It is also important for young people to be aware of the unique health and social risks associated with heavy drinking among women, for example, heavier intoxication at equivalent doses, vulnerability to sexual violence, and greater chronic disease risk."

Grucza added that social and cultural changes specific to women in western cultures during the past 50 to 60 years are too numerous to count. "By and large, these changes mean women have many opportunities that were once specific to men: workforce participation, higher education, economic independence, etc.," he said. "These changes have also brought women into drinking cultures that may exist on campus, in the workplace, and elsewhere. Undoubtedly, we have more to learn about the roles of economic independence and employment on alcohol use and alcohol problems."

### Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) is the official journal of the Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Co-authors of the ACER paper, "Birth Cohort Effects and Gender Differences in Alcohol Epidemiology: A Review and Synthesis," were: Guohua Li of the Departments of Epidemiology and Anesthesiology at Columbia University; and Deborah S. Hasin of the Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute. The study was funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute. This release is supported by the Addiction Technology Transfer Center Network at http://www.ATTCnetwork.org.