Commentary calls for awareness of Internet pharmacies' role in prescription drug abuse

(Press-News.org) Efforts to halt the growing abuse of prescription drugs must include addressing the availability of these drugs on the Internet and increasing physician awareness of the dangers posed by Internet pharmacies. In a commentary in the December 20 Annals of Internal Medicine, investigators from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), the Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics at the University of Southern California (USC), and The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA Columbia) describe the probable contribution of Internet pharmacies to the problem and outline potential strategies for addressing the problem.

"Controlled prescription drugs like Oxycontin, Xanax, and Ritalin are easily purchased over the Internet without a prescription, yet physician awareness of this problem is low," says Anupam B. Jena, MD, PhD, of the MGH Department of Medicine, lead author of the article. "Abuse of medications purchased from websites can pose unique challenges to physicians because patients who abuse these medications may not fit clinical stereotypes of drug abusers."

The authors note that abuse of controlled prescription drugs now exceeds abuse of all illegal drugs combined, except marijuana. Some illegitimate online pharmacies sell drugs with no prescription or medical information at all while others ask for completion of a questionnaire before a prescription is issued by a physician who has never seen the patient. Studies from CASA Columbia have found that 85 percent of websites offering controlled prescription drugs do not require a prescription, and many that do allow the prescription to be faxed, increasing the risk of forgery or fraud.

"The Internet serves as an open channel for distribution of controlled prescription drugs with no mechanisms to even block sales to children. This is particularly dangerous given that addiction is a disease that, in most cases, originates with substance use in adolescence," says Susan Foster, MSW, vice president and director of Policy Research and Analysis at CASA Columbia.

Additional investigations by U.S. agencies have verified the ease with which controlled drugs can be purchased online, but little information is available on how drugs acquired that way are used. While some surveys suggest that as many as 10 percent of prescription drug abusers obtain their drugs online, the authors stress that such surveys probably underestimate the situation and would not reach individuals most likely to abuse prescription drugs purchased over the Internet. They also note that surveys in drug treatment centers would totally miss local drug dealers, who are increasingly likely to access their supplies online.

Earlier this year Jena and Dana Goldman, PhD, director of the Schaeffer Center at USC and also a co-author of the current article, published a study finding that that states with the greatest expansion in high-speed Internet access from 2000 to 2007 also had the largest increase in admissions for treatment of prescription drug abuse. They estimated that for every 10 percent increase in high-speed Internet use during those years, admissions for prescription drug abuse increased 1 percent. "Prescription use starts with the physician," says Goldman, "and we need to more actively engage them to control illicit use. Access to universal, electronic prescription records would be of great assistance in this regard."

Both federal and private agencies have taken measures to reduce the impact of illicit Internet pharmacies, including the 2008 passage of the Ryan Height Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act, which specifically prohibits delivery of controlled substances prescribed by a physician who had never examined the patient. But the success of that law and related efforts, such as FDA warning letters to Internet pharmacies and their service providers, is unknown. The authors note that regulatory efforts also are "stymied by these pharmacies' ability to appear, disappear, and reappear constantly," and the reluctance of search engines to stop running ads for rogue online pharmacies. The increasing online availability of prescription drugs may entice individuals believed to be at low risk for drug abuse to overuse controlled medications.

The authors note that, while physicians and other health care providers should play a major part in addressing the challenges posed by Internet pharmacies, their awareness of the problem and ability to recognize and treat substance abuse of any kind is usually limited. "Physicians need to educate patients about the risks of purchasing any medications over the Internet and should consider brief but routine questioning about Internet-based medication use," says Jena, who is also a senior fellow at the Schaeffer Center at USC. "Given the ability of illegal online pharmacies to evade law enforcement efforts, physician awareness and involvement will be crucial to reducing this problem."

### Former U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Joseph A. Califano Jr., founder and chairman of CASA Columbia, is also a co-author of the Annals of Internal Medicine commentary.

The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (http://www.casacolumbia.org) is a science-based, multidisciplinary organization focused on transforming society's understanding of and responses to substance use and the disease of addiction. CASA Columbia and its staff of some 60 professionals aim to inform Americans of the economic and social costs of risky substance use and addiction and its impact on their lives, find out what works in prevention and treatment of this disease, and remove the stigma of addiction replacing shame and despair with hope.

The Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics at the University of Southern California (http://healthpolicy.usc.edu/) is one of the nation's premier policy research centers. Its mission is promote health and value in healthcare delivery through innovative research and policy, both in the United States and internationally. More than 20 distinguished scholars and faculty work in the Schaeffer Center to investigate a wide array of topics, including promoting value in health care spending; understanding how public policy affects medical innovation; improving insurance design; encouraging cost-effective care; and identifying the broader macroeconomic consequences of health care trends. The Center's work is supplemented by a visiting scholars program and collaborations with other universities, so that outside researchers can take advantage of the Center's research infrastructure and data.

Celebrating the 200th anniversary of its founding in 1811, Massachusetts General Hospital (http://www.massgeneral.org) is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of nearly $700 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, reproductive biology, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine.