Take control! Exploring how self-discipline works and how we might boost it

(Press-News.org) Converging scientific evidence – not to mention a great deal of life experience – tells us that self-control is an important ability. It helps us keep our cool, get things done, and resist the things that tempt us. Scientists believe that gaining a clearer understanding of how self-control works could provide critical insights into addressing some of the large-scale problems facing society today, including obesity and addiction.

Numerous studies have found evidence for the idea of self-control as a limited resource, but emerging research suggests that this model may not tell the whole story. Research published in the journals of the Association for Psychological Science explores the various mechanisms – metabolic, cognitive, motivational, affective – thought to underlie self-control.

Motivational Versus Metabolic Effects of Carbohydrates on Self-Control Daniel C. Molden, Chin Ming Hui, Abigail A. Scholer, Brian P. Meier, Eric E. Noreen, Paul R. D'Agostino, and Valerie Martin

We usually think of a sugary treat as something that taxes our self-control because we have to expend effort trying to resist it. But what if sweets could actually help to boost self-control? That's the basic gist behind the energy model of self-control. According to this model, self-control relies on carbohydrate metabolism; we deplete our carbohydrate stores as we exert self-control, making it more difficult to exert self-control until the stores are built up again. Psychological scientist Daniel Molden and his colleagues decided to test the energy model in a series of four experiments in which participants' baseline glucose levels were assessed prior to performing tasks that required self-control. The researchers found no evidence for a relationship between self-control and glucose metabolism. Follow-up studies indicated that participants who rinsed their mouths with a carbohydrate solution showed improved self-control, despite the fact that they didn't ingest the solution and there was no observable change in their blood glucose levels. These findings suggest a motivational as opposed to metabolic mechanism for self-control.

Corresponding author: Daniel C. Molden – Northwestern University – molden@northwestern.edu Published in the October 2012 issue of Psychological Science

The Gargle Effect: Rinsing the Mouth with Glucose Enhances Self-Control Matthew A. Sanders, Steve D. Shirk, Chris J. Burgin, Leonard L. Martin

In this article, psychological scientist Matthew Sanders and colleagues aim to clarify the debate over whether metabolic or motivational mechanisms underlie self-control. The researchers asked participants to engage in a task that required self-control; the participants then rinsed their mouths with either glucose or a non-glucose sweetener while they performed a second self-control task. The results of the study conceptually replicate those reported by Molden and colleagues. Participants who rinsed with the glucose sweetener demonstrated better self-control than those who rinsed with a non-glucose sweetener, despite the fact that there was not enough time for the glucose to actually be metabolized. These results provide additional evidence to suggest that glucose influences self-control through a non-metabolic route. The researchers speculate that glucose may activate brain areas involved in selecting and inhibiting action, as well as detecting errors and evaluating competing responses.

Corresponding author: Matthew Sanders – University of Georgia – sandersm@uga.edu Forthcoming in Psychological Science

What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control Michael Inzlicht and Brandon J. Schmeichel

Although self-control has traditionally been thought of as a limited resource that can be depleted, research on cognition, motivation, and affect has begun to challenge this picture. Inzlicht and Schmeichel review the existing research on self-control and propose an alternative model of self-control focused on process. This process model holds that our initial exertions of willpower lead our motivation to shift away from control and toward gratification. As a part of this process, our attention shifts away from cues that signal the need for control and toward cues that signal indulgence. Inzlicht and Schmeichel argue that the process model provides a starting point for understanding self-control and that more research examining these cognitive, motivational, and affective influences on self-control is needed.

Corresponding author: Michael Inzlicht – University of Toronto – michael.inzlicht@utoronto.ca Published in the September 2012 issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science

### Please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or amikulak@psychologicalscience.org for more information.