Potentially safer, greener alternative to BPA could come from papermaking waste

(Press-News.org) DALLAS, March 16, 2014 — A waste product from making paper could yield a safer, greener alternative to the potentially harmful chemical BPA, now banned from baby bottles but still used in many plastics. Scientists made the BPA alternative from lignin, the compound that gives wood its strength, and they say it could be ready for the market within five years.

They described the research here today in one of the more than 10,000 presentations at the 247th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), the world's largest scientific society, taking place here through Thursday.

"Approximately 3.5 million tons of BPA are produced annually worldwide," said Kaleigh Reno, a graduate student who presented the report. BPA is the component that gives shatter-proof plastic eyewear and sports equipment their strength. Additionally, BPA is used in high-performance glues, in the lining of cans and in receipt paper, she explained. The downside is that bisphenol-A, as it's called, can mimic the hormone estrogen, potentially affecting the body and brain. Some experts have suggested that it's unsafe for young children and pregnant women to consume.

To find a safer, more environmentally friendly alternative, Reno and her advisor, Richard Wool, Ph.D., who are at the University of Delaware, turned to lignin. They note that papermaking and other wood-pulping processes produce 70 million tons of lignin byproduct each year, 98 percent of which is incinerated to generate small amounts of energy.

Reno has developed a process that instead converts lignin fragments into a compound called bisguaiacol-F (BGF), which has a similar shape to BPA. She and Wool predict it will act like BPA, as well. "We expect to show that BGF has BPA-like properties within a year," said Wool, with a product ready for the market two to five years later.

Reno is confident that BGF will be a safe stand-in for BPA. "We know the molecular structure of BPA plays a large role in disrupting our natural hormones, specifically estrogen," she said. "We used this knowledge in designing BGF such that it is incapable of interfering with hormones but retains the desirable thermal and mechanical properties of BPA." The researchers also used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency software to evaluate the molecule, determining it should be less toxic than BPA.

And because BGF is made from an existing waste product, Reno believes it will be a viable alternative economically and environmentally. BPA is manufactured from compounds found in oil, a fossil fuel, while BGF's feedstock, lignin, comes from trees, a renewable resource.

The researchers chose BGF based on their unique "Twinkling Fractal Theory," which Wool explains can predict mechanical and thermal properties. "This approach considerably simplifies the design of new biobased materials since we can predetermine properties and screen for toxicity for a broad range of potential compounds from renewable resources such as lignin and plant oils," he says.

INFORMATION: A press conference on this topic will be held Monday, March 17, at 11 a.m. Central time in Room A122/A123 of the Dallas Convention Center. Reporters can attend in person or access live video of the event and ask questions at the ACS Ustream channel http://www.ustream.tv/channel/acslive.

The researchers acknowledge funding from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory via a DoD-SERDP grant.

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Title Tackling toxicity: Designing a BPA alternative from lignin

Abstract Over five million metric tons of bisphenol A (BPA) are produced annually for the synthesis of plastics, such as epoxy resins, vinyl ester resins, and polycarbonates. BPA can mimic estrogen in vivoand can interfere with early reproductive development and cause irreversible physical changes. Therefore, designing sustainably sourced, less toxic BPA alternatives is desirable. We synthesized bisguaiacol F (BGF) as a potential BPA alternative from two lignin model compounds, vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol. Lignin is a promising feedstock for aromatic monomers as the paper and pulping industry produces 70 million tons a year as a waste product and can be depolymerized into useful aromatic compounds. Similar to the industrial synthesis of BPA, the condensation reaction between vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol produce two regioisomers. Selectivity between regioisomers and other byproducts can be tuned by changing reaction conditions such as water content, acidic ion exchange resin proton exchange capacity, and reaction time. DSC was used to determine the effect of regioisomer content on the thermal behavior of BGF. Polyesters containing BGA and BGF were compared using thermomechanical analyses (TGA, and DSC).