(Press-News.org) TORONTO, ON [1 June 2015] - By observing galaxies billions of light-years away, a team of astronomers has detected tube-like structures mere hundreds of kilometres above the Earth's surface.
"For over 60 years, scientists believed these structures existed but by imaging them for the first time, we've provided visual evidence that they are really there," said Cleo Loi of the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) at the University of Sydney and lead author of a paper published in Geophysical Research Letters last week.
The astronomers--including Prof. Bryan Gaensler, former director of CAASTRO and the current director of the Dunlap Institute at the University of Toronto--made their observations with the Murchison Widefield Array. The MWA is a radio telescope in Western Australia designed to observe the early Universe and distant galaxies, as well as stars and nebulae within our own Milky Way Galaxy.
As light from a galaxy passes through layers in the Earth's magnetosphere, the light's path--and hence the galaxy's apparent position--is altered by variations in density in the layers. The effect is like looking up from the bottom of a swimming pool at the distortions caused by waves on the surface.
Mapping the variations in the positions of multiple radio sources over the course of a night revealed the shape and dimensions of the tube structures. As well, by exploiting the MWA's rapid "snapshot" capabilities, Loi and her colleagues created a movie--effectively capturing the real-time motions of the tubes.
According to Gaensler, "We were trying to understand if the motions of the ionosphere were random or had a pattern, both to see if the MWA could be used to study the ionosphere, and also to be able to correct for its effect and study the sources behind it."
In addition, the astronomers made their observations using the east and west halves of the MWA's array of antennas as separate instruments. "This is like turning the telescope into a pair of eyes, and by doing that we were able to probe the 3D nature of these structures and watch them move around," said Loi.
The observations revealed that the tubes above the MWA are 500 to 700 km above the surface and are aligned with the Earth's magnetic field. The tubes are at an angle to the surface because they follow the field as it angles down into the planet.
The insight into our own world is just one part of the accomplishment. According to Gaensler, "This work highlights the new frontier that the MWA is opening up. By operating at low radio frequencies and covering such an enormous field of view, we can study subtle and complicated processes that we had only ever caught fleeting glimpses of previously."
INFORMATION:
Additional resources:
Paper: Real-time imaging of density ducts between the plasmasphere and ionosphere; Loi, Murphy, Gaensler, et al; arXiv:1504.06470
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymZEOihlIdU&feature=youtu.be
Image: http://dunlap.utoronto.ca/distant-radio-galaxies-reveal-hidden-structures-heads
Contact details:
Cleo Loi, University of Sydney, phone +61 2 9114 2289, cell +61 434 980 778, email sloi5113@uni.sydney.edu.au
Prof Bryan Gaensler, Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, cell 416 522 0887, email bgaensler@dunlap.utoronto.ca
Media:
Chris Sasaki, Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, phone +1 416 978 6613, email csasaki@dunlap.utoronto.ca
Dr. Wiebke Ebeling, CAASTRO, phone +61 8 9266 9174, cell +61 423 933 444, email wiebke.ebeling@curtin.edu.au
Verity Leatherdale, University of Sydney, phone +61 2 9351 4312, cell +61 403 067 342, email verity.leatherdale@sydney.edu.au
The Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics continues the legacy of the David Dunlap Observatory of developing innovative astronomical instrumentation, including instrumentation for the largest telescopes in the world. The research of its faculty and Dunlap Fellows spans the depths of the Universe, from the discovery and characterization of exoplanets, to the formation of stars, the evolution and nature of galaxies, dark energy, the Cosmic Microwave Background, and SETI. The institute also continues a strong commitment to developing the next generation of astronomers and fostering public engagement in science.
For more information: http://dunlap.utoronto.ca
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