Nice guys can finish first

(Press-News.org) It turns out nice guys can finish first, and David Rand has the evidence to prove it.

Rand, a post-doctoral fellow in Harvard's Department of Psychology and a Lecturer in Human Evolutionary Biology, is the lead author of a new paper, which found that dynamic, complex social networks encourage their members to be friendlier and more cooperative, with the possible payoff coming in an expanded social sphere, while selfish behavior can lead to an individual being shunned from the group and left – literally – on their own.

As described this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the research is among the first such studies to examine social interaction as a fluid, ever-changing process. Previous studies of complex social networks largely used static snapshots of the groups to examine how members were or were not connected. This new approach, Rand said, is the closest scientists have yet come to describing the way the planet's 6 billion inhabitants interact on a daily basis.

"What we are showing is the importance of the dynamic, flexible nature of real-world social networks," Rand said. "Social networks are always shifting, and they're not shifting in random ways.

"Although people sometimes do nasty things to each other, for the most part we are fantastically cooperative," Rand said. "We do an amazing job of having thousands or even millions of people living in very close quarters in cities all over the world. In a functioning society, things like trade, friendship, even democracy itself require high levels of cooperation, and when everyone does it, you get good collective outcomes."

"Cooperation is a fascinating topic," Sociology and Medicine Professor and Pforzheimer House master Nicholas Christakis said. "We see cooperation everywhere in the biological and social worlds, but it's actually very hard to explain. Why do creatures, including ourselves, cooperate?

"What our paper shows is that there is a deep relationship between cooperation and social networks. In particular, we found that if you allow people to re-wire their social networks, cooperation is sustained in the population. I believe this paper is the first to show, empirically, how that relationship works. As humans, we do two very special things: we re-shape the social world around us, and in so doing, we create a better place for ourselves by being nice to each other."

To demonstrate how groups reach those good collective outcomes, the scientists, including Sam Arbesman, a former post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Health Care Policy at Harvard Medical School, recruited nearly 800 volunteers, who, in groups of between 20 and 30 people, took part in the study by playing a simple game.

At the outset, Rand said, each player begins with an equal number of points, and is randomly connected with one or more players. As the game progresses, players have the opportunity to be either generous, and pay to give points to each player they are connected with, or be selfish, and do nothing. Following each round, some players are randomly given the opportunity to update their connections, based on whether other players have been generous or selfish.

The findings, Rand said, showed that players re-wired their social networks in intriguing ways that helped both themselves and the group they were in. They were more willing to make new connections or maintain existing connections with those who acted generously, and break connections with those who behaved selfishly.

"Because people have control over who they are interacting with, people are more likely to form connections with people who are cooperative, and much more likely to break those links with people who are not," Rand said. "Basically, what it boils down to is that you'd better be a nice guy, or else you're going to get cut off."

Intriguingly, the study also uncovered a correction mechanism inherent to social groups. Those who were initially non-cooperative, Rand said, were found to be twice as likely to become cooperative after being shunned, suggesting that being cut off from the group acts as a sort of internal discipline, ensuring that cooperation remains high within a social network.

"As a result, when you have a network that's dynamic, you see stable, high levels of cooperation, whereas in networks where people have no choice about who to interact with, you see a steady breakdown of cooperation," Rand said.

As important as the study's findings are, the research is also notable for its innovative experimental design. Rather than recruit subjects to come to his lab for testing, Rand relied on Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online labor market created by Amazon.com, to enlist nearly 800 participants from across the globe.

"Lab experiments are incredibly valuable because they let you very tightly control the experimental conditions, which is helpeful to demonstrate causality," Rand said. "But lab experiments also tend to be very time-consuming and expensive, because it's difficult to get people to come in. The Internet offers an amazing opportunity for streamlining the process."

Developed several years ago, Mechanical Turk is an online labor market where employers can hire workers to perform what they call "human intelligence tasks" – simple, repetitive tasks that are easy for humans – such as describing the content of a picture, transcribing audio, or translating text from one language to another - but are frustratingly difficult to program computers to perform.

"It's a crowd-sourcing tool," Rand said. "What we're doing is crowd-sourcing experimental social science. We are now an 'employer' on Mechanical Turk, but instead of asking people to label images, we're hiring them to take part in our experiments.

"From a philosophical perspective, I think this is an amazingly important technology for the social sciences, because it's democratizing," Rand continued. "You no longer need to be at a university that has a big lab, with a huge research budget and someone maintaining a subject pool."

Though the paper is one of the first to use Mechanical Turk as a method for recruiting participants, Christakis said the site has already had a wide-reaching impact on the social sciences.

"This is a whole new way of doing social science and conducting experiments," he said. "By creating a virtual laboratory, it broadens the scale and speed of these experiments. In principle, one can do an experiment with thousands of participants, and we are able to control how participants interact and behave in ways that were unimaginable even five years ago. We think this will do for the social sciences what the invention of the microscope did for biology."

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