Learn how studies answer different questions, which comparisons are meaningful and how to recognise what remains uncertain.
5 articles · About 36 minutes in total · Read at your own pace
A worked example shows how different group mixes can create a striking association. Learn what randomization, adjustment and better study design can establish.
Read the guide · 9 minA laboratory result can change before anyone knows whether patients benefit. Learn how to read surrogate endpoints, validation claims and the outcomes still missing.
Read the guide · 8 minA practical method for connecting studies without counting every paper as a separate vote or mistaking a new result for the final answer.
Read the guide · 6 minA pooled estimate is the end of a chain of decisions. Trace the question, search, independent studies, bias and uncertainty before deciding what the headline deserves.
Read the guide · 7 minWork through absolute risk, relative change, time frames and treatment burden using clearly labelled examples you can check yourself.
Read the guide · 6 min