When two things move together, what can we conclude?
Study design helps separate an interesting association from evidence about cause and effect.
Read the guide · 3 minLearn how studies answer different questions, which comparisons are meaningful and how to recognise what remains uncertain.
5 articles · About 25 minutes in total · Read at your own pace
Study design helps separate an interesting association from evidence about cause and effect.
Read the guide · 3 minDistinguish what a study measures from what readers hope the result means.
Read the guide · 3 minA practical method for connecting studies without counting every paper as a separate vote or mistaking a new result for the final answer.
Read the guide · 6 minA pooled estimate is the end of a chain of decisions. Trace the question, search, independent studies, bias and uncertainty before deciding what the headline deserves.
Read the guide · 7 minWork through absolute risk, relative change, time frames and treatment burden using clearly labelled examples you can check yourself.
Read the guide · 6 min