Over four billion years of evolution, plants and animals grew far more complex than their single-celled ancestors. But a new comparison of proteins shared across species finds that complex organisms, including humans, have accumulated structural weaknesses that may have actually launched the long journey from microbe to man. The study, published in Nature, suggests that the random introduction of errors into proteins, rather than traditional natural selection, may have boosted the evolution of biological complexity. Flaws in the "packing" of proteins that make them more ...

Does the mere thought of going to the dentist make you uneasy? Do you routinely put off important dental work because of an irrational fear about the entire process? You are not alone. While dental anxiety often stems from a bad experience, sometimes just the sound of dental equipment or the prospect of a certain procedure can set patients on edge, even if they have no bad memories to draw from. Dental anxiety is more common than you might think. To help patients relax and safely receive the dental treatment(s) they need, many dentists now offer sedation dentistry (also ...

Researchers at King's College London have used cells found naturally in the body, to re-educate the immune system to prevent rejection of an organ transplant while remaining capable of fighting infections and cancer. Currently, patients must take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent a new organ from being rejected after transplantation. However, these drugs suppress the entire immune system, leaving the patient susceptible to infections and tumours. Scientists say this new approach using immune cells, called regulatory T cells (Tregs), from the body could eliminate ...

HOUSTON — For women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy, yoga offers unique benefits beyond fighting fatigue, according to new research from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. While simple stretching exercises improved fatigue, patients who participated in yoga that incorporated yogic breathing, postures, meditation and relaxation techniques into their treatment plan experienced improved physical functioning, better general health and lower cortisol (stress hormone) levels. They also were better able to find meaning in their cancer experience. ...

Breast implants may obstruct some mammogram imaging, but this does not mean breast implants render mammograms ineffective as a means of screening for breast cancer. Breast augmentation surgery remained the most popular cosmetic surgery procedure in 2010, with 296,000 procedures performed last year alone, according the annual statistics report from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. With that number continuing an upward trend over the past decade, more mammogram technicians and radiologists have experience conducting and reading the results of mammograms of women ...

If you and your spouse have decided to split, you know that there are many practical considerations that must be dealt with. You need to work out living arrangements, ensure that bills are paid on time and divvy up household expenses. If you are a parent, however, the most important thing you have to do is break the news of the divorce to your children in a way that is both informative and compassionate. Oftentimes, parents forget that they are not the only ones suffering; they either don't want to see that their decisions are hurting their children or they just get ...

ITHACA, N.Y. - Victims of third-degree burns and other traumatic injuries endure pain, disfigurement, invasive surgeries and a long time waiting for skin to grow back. Improved tissue grafts designed by Cornell scientists that promote vascular growth could hasten healing, encourage healthy skin to invade the wounded area and reduce the need for surgeries. These so-called dermal templates were engineered in the lab of Abraham Stroock, associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Cornell and member of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, ...

An estimated four in 10 hospital websites in the United States publicize the use of robotic surgery, with the lion's share touting its clinical superiority despite a lack of scientific evidence that robotic surgery is any better than conventional operations, a new Johns Hopkins study finds. The promotional materials, researchers report online in the Journal for Healthcare Quality, overestimate the benefits of surgical robots, largely ignore the risks and are strongly influenced by the product's manufacturer. "The public regards a hospital's official website as an authoritative ...

A new paper by University of Calgary psychologist Dr. David Hodgins says the proliferation of gambling opportunities around the world, particularly online, is increasing the visibility of gambling disorders and giving access to people who previously had no exposure to gambling opportunities. Hodgins, head of the university's Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, says gambling disorders are often found in conjunction with other mental health and substance-abuse disorders. In an online version of the medical journal, The Lancet, Hodgins says the study of problem gambling is ...

The common view of a nursing home is a building full of old people, in walkers and wheelchairs, white hair and bingo games. A recent story from the Associated Press notes that there is a growing population of young (less than 65 years-old) people in nursing homes and long-term care facilities. While those 30 and younger only number one percent of the nursing home population, the number of those younger than 65 have increased 22 percent in the last eight years. A report from NPR notes that ages 31-65 now make up 14 percent of nursing home populations. This is up from ...

The most widely used methods for calculating species extinction rates are "fundamentally flawed" and overestimate extinction rates by as much as 160 percent, life scientists report May 19 in the journal Nature. However, while the problem of species extinction caused by habitat loss is not as dire as many conservationists and scientists had believed, the global extinction crisis is real, says Stephen Hubbell, a distinguished professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UCLA and co-author of the Nature paper. "The methods currently in use to estimate extinction ...

Gaining more than the recommended weight during pregnancy can put women at increased risk of becoming obese and developing related health problems, including high blood pressure, later in life. These are the latest findings from researchers at the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)/Children of the 90s at the University of Bristol. Weight gain during pregnancy is necessary for the growth and development of the fetus but the study, which looked at the health of 3,877 women 16 years after they gave birth, found that those who gained more than the ...

In the opening editorial to the latest edition of the Journal of Radiological Protection, published today, Wednesday 18 May, radiological protection expert Professor Richard Wakeford of the Dalton Nuclear Institute, The University of Manchester, gives a detailed account of events at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station, and poses several questions that remain unanswered, several weeks on from the earthquake and tsunami on 11 March. Taking a close look at information disclosed by Japanese government ministries, the World Health Organisation, the International Atomic ...

The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) recently released its third annual scorecard on the safety of each state's roads. When it comes to laws meant to prevent car accidents, the news for Florida is not so good. Out of 14 categories, Florida received a mediocre score of seven. While the score is not the worst received - North Dakota scored lowest at four - it certainly was not one of the top scores. The scorecard ranked the safety of each state's roads based on the presence or absence of 14 different motor vehicle safety laws. The laws included those for mandatory seatbelt ...

Can people truly feel the future? Researchers remain skeptical, according to a new study by Jeffrey Rouder and Richard Morey from the University of Missouri in the US, and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, respectively. Their work (1) appears online in the Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (2), published by Springer. Although extra-sensory perception (ESP) seems impossible given our current scientific knowledge, and certainly runs counter to our everyday experience, a leading psychologist, Daryl Bem of Cornell University, is claiming evidence for ESP. Rouder ...

How do genes control us? This fundamental question of life still remains elusive despite decades of research. Genes are blueprints for proteins, but it is the proteins that actually carry out vital functions in the body for maintaining life. Diseases such as cancer are not only characterized by altered genes, but also by disturbed protein production. But how is protein production controlled? Researchers of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch of the Helmholtz Association, Germany, have now comprehensively quantified gene expression (the activation ...

The sharp downturn in the real estate market has impacted millions of Americans, and seniors are one of the groups most affected. This is particularly true of seniors who have so-called "reverse mortgages." This type of mortgage can potentially be a good way for people over the age of 62 to get money out of their homes. But in a market in which so many mortgages are underwater, it can also raise the risk of foreclosure. Reverse Mortgages Reverse mortgages are not new. But older homeowners are increasingly turning to them to improve their situations later ...

Jerusalem, May 18, 2011 – In case you thought that octopuses were smart only in guessing the outcome of soccer matches (remember the late Paul the octopus in Germany who picked all the right winners in last year's world cup matches in Johannesburg?), scientists at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have now shown that not only are they smart, they can make some pretty good moves as well. Octopuses are among the most developed invertebrates. They have large brains and are fast learners. With eight arms and no rigid skeleton, they perform many tasks like crawling, swimming, ...

Throughout the 1990s, many states revamped their juvenile criminal laws to make it easier for judges to sentence children to adult prison. This was obviously done in an effort to appear "tough on crime" after a number of high-profile and sensational juvenile-offender cases had caused a media and public outcry. What many suspected at the time, however, and what has been proven to be true over time, is that this approach has been a poor solution to a complex problem. The pendulum is now beginning to swing the other way. A report by the Campaign for Youth Justice ...

A new international Task Force has been set up to promote 'a fair day's work for a fair day's pay' for workers and to develop organisational capacity in lower income countries. The research which found discrepancies between the salaries earned by local and those earned by expatriate aid workers was instrumental in setting up the task force. According to the findings from a jointly funded project by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Department for International Development (DFID) an expatriate aid worker will be paid on average four times more (and sometimes ...

Greater awareness of 'specific language impairment' (SLI), a language disorder, is needed to ensure better outcomes for the 3-6 per cent of UK school children affected by this disability. Children with SLI have difficulties with most or all aspects of language including grammar, vocabulary and literacy as well as with short term memory. According to new research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), they also have problems with higher order thinking skills. SLI may have a greater impact on these children than the better know disorder, dyslexia. "The ...

Irony has hit the health care system. While its goal is to safely heal injuries and diseases, the U.S. healthcare system has created an epidemic of medical errors. Recent studies reveal the physical and financial toll these medical mistakes continue to take on the quality of patient care. While medical malpractice reforms have attempted to curb the damages patients may recover after an injury caused by medical negligence, the health care system still suffers from a lack of incentive for doctors and hospitals to impose and adhere to stricter safety measures. In the meantime, ...

Scientists have used the latest computer-imaging technology to produce stunning three-dimensional pictures of a 49 million-year-old spider trapped inside an opaque piece of fossilized amber resin. University of Manchester researchers, working with colleagues in Germany, created the intricate images using X-ray computed tomography to study the remarkable spider, which can barely be seen under the microscope in the old and darkened amber. Writing in the international journal Naturwissenscaften, the scientists showed that the amber fossil – housed in the Berlin Natural ...

The U.S. Supreme Court recently heard oral arguments in a case that has the potential to make it easier for accident victims and their families to bring products liability claims against automobile manufacturers. In Williamson v. Mazda Motor Corp. of America (No. 08-1314), the Court has been asked to decide whether federal safety regulations preempt state-based products liability claims against car manufacturers. In Williamson, 32-year-old Thanh Williamson died as a result of injuries sustained in a 2002 car crash. Williamson was sitting in the second row seat of a 1993 ...

ATS 2011, DENVER – A Wednesday morning session will explore the inhalational exposures and respiratory outcomes of military deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Presenters will review current knowledge on complex inhalational exposures, epidemiologic studies, animal toxicology studies, and clinical lung findings in U.S. military men and women who are returning from Southwest Asia. D6 "Occupational Lung Diseases in U.S. Military Personnel Deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan" will take place from 8:15 to 10:45 a.m. in the Wells Fargo Theatre Section 1 on the street level of ...