Simulate sound in 3D at a finer scale than humans can perceive

(Press-News.org) WASHINGTON, April 15, 2025 – Surround-sound speakers can immerse you in a multimedia experience, but what if there was a speaker that could completely re-create a three-dimensional soundscape?

The AudioDome is more than just a loudspeaker arrangement — it’s a dome of speakers that can create an immersive sound experience that reproduces sound sources at any location when the listener is placed in the middle.

In JASA, published on behalf of the Acoustical Society of America by AIP Publishing, researchers from Western University in London, Ontario, decided to test the limits of ambisonic sound reproduction through their “AudioDome” loudspeaker array. Ambisonic rendering is a way to simulate the precise locations of sounds in 3D, using an array of loudspeakers. The ambisonics algorithm has allowed researchers to create rich virtual “soundscapes,” with each sound appearing to come from precisely the location it occurred in the recording.

“The ambisonics technology promises highly focal sound source reproduction which is enormously valuable to researchers wishing to maintain tight experimental control while also studying human auditory spatial perception in the type of complex, dynamic, three-dimensional soundscapes that the auditory system evolved to handle,” said researcher Nima Zargarnezhad.

However, whether the ambisonics algorithm that the AudioDome uses to simulate soundscapes is appropriate for studying human perception is unknown. It depends on how precisely and focally it can simulate sound location, and how well it can reproduce the energy composition of sounds. Since Zargarnezhad’s team is interested in performing human experiments using the setup, they wanted to validate the effectiveness of the AudioDome’s ambisonics technology to simulate real life.

“We already knew that some reconstruction errors were theoretically predicted and confirmed with simulations, but we did not know how and to what extent they would affect human perception of sound location and identity,” Zargarnezhad said.

Our ability to distinguish between stimuli in different locations, known as spatial acuity, is high in front of our faces but decreases around the sides of our head. The researchers’ experiments obtained very similar results from listeners in the AudioDome, proving that the loudspeaker array can reproduce sound locations at a spatial scale beyond the human limits of perception.

They also found that the accuracy and precision of a sound’s simulated location doesn’t depend on how far it is from an actual speaker location, which suggests that the spatial resolution of the ambisonics algorithm is appropriate for studying human perception nearly everywhere in three-dimensional space. However, they also observed that the ambisonics algorithm accurately reproduced sound energy up to about 4 kilohertz in frequency, sufficient to reproduce speech although it would sound somewhat degraded, as though heard over a telephone. They showed that the erroneous reproduction of higher frequencies fakes localization cues related to the perception of sound sources’ elevation, and sound sources with high frequency components are perceived from an unexpected altitude.

“We conclude that the ambisonics algorithm can accurately reproduce the identity and location of many common sounds, including speech, at a spatial resolution that is at the level of human spatial acuity, if not better,” said Zargarnezhad. “This is sufficient to ensure the reproduced soundscapes are accurately simulating the real world.”

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The article “Focality of sound source placement by higher (ninth) order ambisonics and perceptual effects of spectral reproduction errors” is authored by Nima Zargarnezhad, Bruno Mesquita, Ewan A Macpherson, and Ingrid Johnsrude. It will appear in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America on April 15, 2025 (DOI: 10.1121/10.0036226). After that date, it can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0036226.

ABOUT THE JOURNAL

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA) is published on behalf of the Acoustical Society of America. Since 1929, the journal has been the leading source of theoretical and experimental research results in the broad interdisciplinary subject of sound. JASA serves physical scientists, life scientists, engineers, psychologists, physiologists, architects, musicians, and speech communication specialists. See https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa.

ABOUT ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is the premier international scientific society in acoustics devoted to the science and technology of sound. Its 7,000 members worldwide represent a broad spectrum of the study of acoustics. ASA publications include The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (the world’s leading journal on acoustics), JASA Express Letters, Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Acoustics Today magazine, books, and standards on acoustics. The society also holds two major scientific meetings each year. See https://acousticalsociety.org/.

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