(Press-News.org) PHILADELPHIA – LAM, short for pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, affects about 1 in 10,000 women of childbearing age and is characterized by proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells in the lung, destruction of lung tissue, and growth of lymphatic vessels. The disease manifests itself in a wide variety of ways, so it is sometimes difficult to diagnose and there is no cure. The disease is caused by inactivation of either of two genes, TSC1 or TSC2, but to date no animal model has been able to replicate the pathologic features those mutations produce in humans.
Now, researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania report in Science Translational Medicine a new mouse model of LAM that does replicate those features, producing a way to study disease etiology and develop drugs. What's more, two readily available drugs – an antibiotic and a statin – may help to treat, and maybe reverse, symptoms.
Elena Goncharova, PhD, research assistant professor of Medicine, and Vera Krymskaya, PhD, associate professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division at Penn, led the study. The team collected TSC2-mutant cells from spontaneous kidney tumors formed in mice. They then "sensitized" those cells by growing them into tumors in immunocompromised mice, excising those tumors, and reinjecting their cells into the tail veins of another set of immunocompromised mice.
Unlike non-sensitized TSC2-deficient cells, the sensitized cells produced multiple lung nodules comprised of smooth muscle-like cells, as in the human disease, as well as destruction of lung tissue and lymphangiogenesis. These nodules also exhibited enhanced activity of an enzyme called matrix metalloproteinase and the loss of elastin, suggesting a potential mechanism for causing that tissue damage. The study also demonstrated for the first time that destruction of lung tissue in LAM is caused by TSC2 deficiency in lung lesions.
TSC1 and TSC2 regulate the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. As a result, the antibiotic rapamycin is already used therapeutically for pulmonary LAM. But, says Goncharova, the drug appears only to halt cell growth, not induce cell death. When rapamycin is removed, disease progresses. "That showed us that something else was needed to fully treat the disease," she says.
As it turns out, that something else could be a statin.
Statins are well known cholesterol-controlling medications. But they also can inhibit signaling proteins called GTPases, inducing cell death. An earlier study using rapamycin and simvastatin demonstrated that the combination could prevent tumor reoccurrence in a mouse model in which TSC2-mutant tumors were not grown in the lungs, but in the flanks of the animal.
The current study expands that observation, demonstrating that rapamycin plus simvastatin can inhibit the growth of TSC2-mutant tumors in the mouse lung, as well as the resulting tissue damage.
But perhaps more importantly, from a clinical point-of-view, application of the drugs after development of lung nodules and tissue damage could actually reverse tissue damage.
"It's my strong belief that if you want to propose treatment options, you need to reverse or attenuate existing disease. Prevention is not enough," says Goncharova.
As in the earlier study, rapamycin in this study appears to be cytostatic – it halts cell growth; simvastatin induces cell death, and both drugs block matrix metalloproteinases as well. Both drugs are FDA-approved and commercially available.
But before pulmonary LAM patients call their physicians for a prescription, Goncharova stresses that the results were in mice, not humans. Clinical trials are required to test the efficacy of this drug combination in patients. To date, no such trials have been initiated.
"I hope it will be done in the near future," she says.
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Other co-authors from Penn include Dmitry Goncharov, Melane Fehrenbach, Irene Khavin, Blerina Ducka, Angela Haczku, and Steven Albelda.
The study was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (RO1HL71106, RO1HL090829, RO1HL114085), Abramson Cancer Center Core Support Grant (NIH P130-CA-016520-34, P30ES013508, RO1AI072197, RC1ES018505), the American Lung Association (CI-9813-N), the LAM Foundation, and the Auckland Medical Research Foundation.
Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine is currently ranked #2 in U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $479.3 million awarded in the 2011 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; and Pennsylvania Hospital — the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Penn Medicine also includes additional patient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region.
Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2011, Penn Medicine provided $854 million to benefit our community.
Penn-developed mouse model of debilitating lung disease suggests potential treatment regimen
2012-10-04
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