Why do so many women leave biology?

(Press-News.org) One common idea about why there are fewer women professors in the sciences than men is that women are less willing to work the long hours needed to succeed. Writing in the January Issue of BioScience, Shelley Adamo of Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada, rejects this argument. She points out that women physicians work longer hours than most scientists, under arguably more stressful conditions, but that this does not deter women from entering medicine. Why, then, do women leave the academic track in biology at higher rates than they leave the medical profession? Adamo blames the difference in the timing of the most acute period of competition in the two careers. In biology, the most intense competition is for the first faculty position. This typically occurs when women are in their early 30's. Biologists have little financial and institutional support for balancing family and career during this stressful time. Women with children find this pressure particularly difficult, and it appears to be getting worse, because of a decrease in available academic positions. Strong career competition in medicine, in contrast, occurs earlier, before most women have started families. Once women are in a faculty position in biology in Canada, they gain tenure at the same rate as men. Canadian universities, unlike US ones, have mandated maternity leave for women faculty and often allow deferral of tenure. In addition, the main Canadian agency supporting biology takes maternity leave into account when assessing productivity. Consequently, retention of women who have achieved tenure-track positions in biology is better than in the United States. Adamo points out that if both countries decreased the number of graduate biology student positions, making competition for a biology career occur earlier, this would likely make access to academic positions easier later, and so increase the proportion of women choosing a scientific career. But bringing about such a change—for example, by providing fewer but better-funded graduate scholarships—would require a coordinated response involving granting agencies, universities, and individual professors.

### BioScience, published monthly, is the journal of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS; www.aibs.org). BioScience is a forum for integrating the life sciences that publishes commentary and peer-reviewed articles. The journal has been published since 1964. AIBS is a meta-level organization for professional scientific societies and organizations that are involved with biology. It represents nearly 160 member societies and organizations. The article by Adamo can be accessed ahead of print at www.aibs.org/bioscience-press-releases/ until early January. The complete list of peer-reviewed articles in the January, 2013, issue of BioScience is as follows. These are now published ahead of print.

Water-Use Sustainability in Socioecological Systems: A Multiscale Integrated Approach.
Cristina Madrid, Violeta Cabello, and Mario Giampietro

Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition.
Zheng-jun Guan, Markus Schmidt, Lei Pei, Wei Wei, and Ke-ping Ma

Soil and Freshwater and Marine Sediment Food Webs: Their Structure and Function.
Jennifer Adams Krumins, Dick van Oevelen, T. Martijn Bezemer, Gerlinde B. De Deyn, W. H. Gera Hol, Ellen van Donk, Wietse de Boer, Peter C. de Ruiter, Jack J. Middelburg, Fernando Monroy, Karline Soetaert, Elisa Thébault, Johan van de Koppel, Johannes A. van Veen, Maria Viketoft, and Wim H. van der Putten

Attrition of Women in the Biological Sciences: Workload, Motherhood, and Other Explanations Revisited.
Shelley A. Adamo

Regional Differences in Phosphorus Budgets in Intensive Soybean Agriculture.
Shelby H. Riskin, Stephen Porder, Meagan E. Schipanski, Elena M. Bennett, and Christopher Neill