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Engineering
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Engineering

Number of male Oxbridge students from elite schools declined significantly in the middle of the twentieth century, study shows

The number of male students at the University of Oxford from elite schools declined significantly by the middle of the twentieth century, a new study shows. In contrast the proportion of female students remained steady. Those with fathers with professional jobs rose dramatically by the 1960s, according to the analysis. At the beginning of the century around 25 to 35 per cent had fathers in professional occupations. This had risen to around 50 per cent among those arriving at Oxford in the 1960s. The research, published in the journal Gender & History, was ...

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Marriage of synthetic biology and 3D printing produces programmable living materials
Engineering

Marriage of synthetic biology and 3D printing produces programmable living materials

Scientists are harnessing cells to make new types of materials that can grow, repair themselves and even respond to their environment. These solid “engineered living materials” are made by embedding cells in an inanimate matrix that’s formed in a desired shape. Now, researchers report in ACS Central Science that they have 3D printed a bioink containing plant cells that were then genetically modified, producing programmable materials. Applications could someday include biomanufacturing and sustainable construction. Recently, researchers have been developing engineered living materials, primarily relying on bacterial ...

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CT-ing is believing: Zeiss Xradia 630 Versa micro-CT scanner supports materials, life sciences research
Engineering

CT-ing is believing: Zeiss Xradia 630 Versa micro-CT scanner supports materials, life sciences research

Interdisciplinary researchers in Illinois, the U.S. and around the world can advance their projects with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology's new Zeiss Xradia 630 Versa micro-CT scanner, the first of its kind with life science applications in the U.S. Computed tomography, or CT, is an imaging technique that involves capturing a series of cross-sectional X-ray scans of an object or sample — be it a material like concrete or a biological sample like an insect or human body. Stacked on top of one another, the images non-invasively reconstruct the subject in 3D from the inside out. Microscopic computed tomography, or micro-CT, helps researchers reconstruct ...

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Engineered increase in mesophyll conductance improves photosynthetic efficiency in field trial
Engineering

Engineered increase in mesophyll conductance improves photosynthetic efficiency in field trial

It is possible to engineer increased mesophyll conductance in plants according to new research from the University of Illinois. Mesophyll conductance plays a key role in photosynthesis and refers to the ease with which CO2 can diffuse through a leaf’s cells before reaching the location where it is ultimately turned into sugar to feed the plant (carbon fixation). CO2 faces barriers as it moves through the leaf, including its own cell walls. Researchers from the Long Lab found that by increasing permeability and slightly reducing the thickness of cell walls, they could increase CO2 diffusion and uptake in a model crop. “This is one of the ...

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Discovery of mechanism plants use to change seed oil could impact industrial, food oils
Engineering

Discovery of mechanism plants use to change seed oil could impact industrial, food oils

PULLMAN, Wash. -- Researchers have discovered a new mechanism of oil biosynthesis and found a way to genetically engineer a type of test plant to more efficiently produce different kinds of seed oil that it otherwise wouldn't make. While the engineering is proof-of-concept, this discovery could lead to improved production of valuable oils used in food and by a range of industries. The study, led by Washington State University researchers, was published in the journal Nature Communications. “Scientists have been working on producing ...

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Child pedestrians, self-driving vehicles: What’s the safest scenario for crossing the road?
Engineering

Child pedestrians, self-driving vehicles: What’s the safest scenario for crossing the road?

Crossing a busy street safely typically is a result of a social exchange. Pedestrians look for cues—a wave, a head nod, a winking flash of the headlights, and, of course, a full vehicle stop—to know it’s safe to cross. But those clues could be absent or different with self-driving vehicles. How will children and adults know when it’s safe to cross the road? In a new study, University of Iowa researchers investigated how pre-teenage children determined when it was safe to cross a residential street with oncoming self-driving cars. The researchers found children made the ...

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A novel universal light-based technique to control valley polarization in bulk materials
Engineering

A novel universal light-based technique to control valley polarization in bulk materials

Electrons inside solid materials can only take certain values of energy. The allowed energy ranges are called “bands” and the space between them, the forbidden energies, are known as “band-gaps”. Both of them together constitute the “band structure” of the material, which is a unique characteristic of each specific material. When physicists plot the band structure, they usually see that the resulting curves resemble mountains and valleys. In fact, the technical term for a local energy maximum or minimum in the bands is called a “valley”, and the field which studies and exploits how electrons in the material ...

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NJIT engineers muffle invading pathogens with a 'molecular mask'
Engineering

NJIT engineers muffle invading pathogens with a 'molecular mask'

Vaccines remain the gold standard of protection against dangerous pathogens, but take considerable time and vast resources to develop. Rapidly mutating viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can blunt their effectiveness and even render them obsolete. To address these gaps, a multi-university team led by New Jersey Institute of Technology’s Vivek Kumar is developing a hydrogel therapy that acts as a first line of defense against viruses and other biological threats. The peptides that make up this gel prevent viruses ...

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Engineering

Loma Linda University study reveals alarming rates of pediatric injuries from mechanical bull riding

A new study conducted by researchers at Loma Linda University Children’s Health has shed light on the alarming rates of pediatric injuries resulting from mechanical bull riding. The study, titled "Mechanical Bull Injuries in Pediatric Patients: A Call for Safety Regulations," highlights the urgent need for enhanced safety measures and regulations. The findings were published in the journal Children's Health Care and revealed that mechanical bull riding poses a significant risk to children, with traumatic brain injuries being the most common outcome. “Mechanical bulls, even when ...

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Engineering

Current Nanomaterials and Current Analytical Chemistry have been indexed in Ei Compendex

Bentham Science is pleased to announce that two of its journals, Current Nanomaterials and Current Analytical Chemistry, have been officially indexed in the EI Compendex. EI Compendex is one of the most comprehensive subject-specific literature databases, encompassing high-quality research articles from prominent engineering and applied science journals worldwide. Current Nanomaterials, a leading peer-reviewed journal devoted to the exploration and dissemination of cutting-edge research in the field of nanomaterials, covers a broad spectrum ...

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Rice bioengineers win $1.4 million ARPA-H grant for osteoarthritis research
Engineering

Rice bioengineers win $1.4 million ARPA-H grant for osteoarthritis research

HOUSTON – (April 18, 2024) – Bioengineers at Rice University have been awarded $1.4 million as part of a multi-center consortium funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) to develop strategies for reversing the effects of osteoarthritis. “We’re thrilled to be a part of this collaborative effort to tackle one of the most challenging degenerative joint diseases and develop, test and commercialize solutions for patients,” said Antonios Mikos, the Louis Calder Professor of Chemical Engineering and professor of bioengineering ...

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An ink for 3D-printing flexible devices without mechanical joints
Engineering

An ink for 3D-printing flexible devices without mechanical joints

For engineers working on soft robotics or wearable devices, keeping things light is a constant challenge: heavier materials require more energy to move around, and – in the case of wearables or prostheses – cause discomfort. Elastomers are synthetic polymers that can be manufactured with a range of mechanical properties, from stiff to stretchy, making them a popular material for such applications. But manufacturing elastomers that can be shaped into complex 3D structures that go from rigid to rubbery has been unfeasible until now. “Elastomers are usually cast so that their composition cannot be changed in all three dimensions over short length scales. To overcome ...

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Eco-friendly glue designed by Cal Poly, Geisys Ventures team earns industry 'Innovation Award'
Engineering

Eco-friendly glue designed by Cal Poly, Geisys Ventures team earns industry 'Innovation Award'

Contact: Nick Wilson 805-235-8008; nwilso28@calpoly.edu An eco-friendly glue product that was created by a California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) chemistry team in partnership with an East Coast company has earned a prestigious innovation award granted by a national industry council. D-Glue — a debondable adhesive platform created by Cal Poly Chemistry Professor Phil Costanzo in partnership with the Massachusetts-based company Geisys Ventures — earned the second runner-up 2024 Innovation Awards honor presented by the Adhesives and Sealants Council (ASC) in Louisville, Ky. The ...

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Engineering

Vibrations of granular materials: an everyday scientific mystery

Coffee beans in a jar and piles of rice or sand are examples of granular matter: materials composed of large numbers of macroscopic—rather than atomic scale—particles. Although granular matter is extremely familiar in everyday life, it represents an unexpected frontier in fundamental physics: Very little is understood about it. In a new study published recently in the European Physical Journal E, Onuttom Narayan and Harsh Mathur, theoretical physicists at the University of California at Santa Cruz and Case Western Reserve University, respectively, shed some light on the propagation of sound through granular materials ...

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Hidden threat: Global underground infrastructure vulnerable to sea-level rise
Engineering

Hidden threat: Global underground infrastructure vulnerable to sea-level rise

As sea levels rise, coastal groundwater is lifted closer to the ground surface while also becoming saltier and more corrosive. A recent study by earth scientists at the University of Hawai‘i (UH) at Mānoa compiled research from experts worldwide showing that in cities where there are complex networks of buried and partially buried infrastructure, interaction with this shallower and saltier groundwater exacerbates corrosion and failure of critical systems such as sewer lines, roadways, and building foundations. “While it has been recognized that shallowing groundwater will eventually result in chronic flooding as it surfaces, ...

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Civil engineer looks to remedy inequities in traffic safety
Engineering

Civil engineer looks to remedy inequities in traffic safety

Alyssa Ryan, an assistant professor of civil and architectural engineering and mechanics, in the University of Arizona College of Engineering, is leading a national study to identify disparities in traffic safety for all transportation users, including drivers, bicyclists and walkers. "Transportation engineering is very focused on people and impacting society and how people interact with the world," said Ryan. "If you don't have transportation, you can't do anything." With a $467,000 ...

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Researchers study effects of solvation and ion valency on metallopolymers
Engineering

Researchers study effects of solvation and ion valency on metallopolymers

In a new paper published in JACS AU, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign analyzed the effects of solvation and ion valency on metallopolymers, with implications for critical materials recovery and recycling, and environmental remediation. Chemical and biomolecular engineering (ChBE) professor Xiao Su led the research, which explored the science behind the selectivity “preferences” of monovalent and divalent anions towards redox polymers. In other words, why – when electrodes are coated with redox polymer films and potential is applied – one ion prefers the redox polymer while ...

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Nothing is everything: How hidden emptiness can define the usefulness of filtration materials
Engineering

Nothing is everything: How hidden emptiness can define the usefulness of filtration materials

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — Voids, or empty spaces, exist within matter at all scales, from the astronomical to the microscopic. In a new study, researchers used high-powered microscopy and mathematical theory to unveil nanoscale voids in three dimensions. This advancement is poised to improve the performance of many materials used in the home and in the chemical, energy and medical industries — particularly in the area of filtration. Magnification of common filters used in the home shows that, while they look like a solid ...

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Engineering

Cloud engineering could be more effective ‘painkiller’ for global warming than previously thought - study

Cloud ‘engineering’ could be more effective for climate cooling than previously thought, because of the increased cloud cover produced, new research shows. In a study published in Nature Geoscience (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01427-z), researchers at the University of Birmingham found that marine cloud brightening (MCB), also known as marine cloud engineering, works primarily by increasing the amount of cloud cover, accounting for 60-90% of the cooling effect. Previous models ...

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US building footprints could help identify neighborhood sociodemographic traits
Engineering

US building footprints could help identify neighborhood sociodemographic traits

An analysis of building footprints in major US metropolitan areas identifies five different neighborhood types that vary in footprint size, shape, and placement, and which are statistically associated with varying neighborhood socioeconomic and demographic traits. Noah Durst of Michigan State University, US, and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on April 10, 2024. People have long studied the shape and placement of human settlements—“neighborhood morphology”—to help inform urban planning and management. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution satellite imagery and more powerful computational ...

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This 3D printer can figure out how to print with an unknown material
Engineering

This 3D printer can figure out how to print with an unknown material

While 3D printing has exploded in popularity, many of the plastic materials these printers use to create objects cannot be easily recycled. While new sustainable materials are emerging for use in 3D printing, they remain difficult to adopt because 3D printer settings need to be adjusted for each material, a process generally done by hand. To print a new material from scratch, one must typically set up to 100 parameters in software that controls how the printer will extrude the material as it fabricates an object. Commonly ...

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Groundbreaking for new building named for former Sen. Roy Blunt held at Fisher Delta Research, Extension and Education Center
Engineering

Groundbreaking for new building named for former Sen. Roy Blunt held at Fisher Delta Research, Extension and Education Center

A groundbreaking was held Friday, April 5, for the Roy Blunt Soil Testing and Research Laboratory at the University of Missouri’s Fisher Delta Research, Extension and Education Center (FD-REEC) in Portageville, Mo. “As a longtime Delta Day attendee and Delta Center advocate, I’m pleased to have been part of spearheading a new facility that will support existing university programs while inspiring research among future generations of students,” former Sen. Blunt said. “It is an honor to have my name connected with this world-class facility ...

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Britain began industrializing in the 17th century – over a 100 years earlier than history books claim
Engineering

Britain began industrializing in the 17th century – over a 100 years earlier than history books claim

Britain was already well on its way to an industrialised economy under the reign of the Stuarts in the 17th century – over 100 years before textbooks mark the start of the Industrial Revolution – according to the most detailed occupational history of a nation ever constructed. Built from more than 160 million records and spanning over three centuries, the University of Cambridge’s Economies Past website uses census data, parish registers, probate records and more to track changes to the British labour force from the Elizabethan era to the eve of World War One. The research shows that 17th century Britain saw a steep decline ...

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Finds at Schöningen show wood was crucial raw material 300,000 years ago
Engineering

Finds at Schöningen show wood was crucial raw material 300,000 years ago

During archaeological excavations in the Schöningen open-cast coal mine in 1994, the discovery of the oldest, remarkably well-preserved hunting weapons known to humanity caused an international sensation. Spears and a double-pointed throwing stick were found lying between animal bones about ten meters below the surface in deposits at a former lakeshore. In the years that followed, extensive excavations have gradually yielded numerous wooden objects from a layer dating from the end of a warm interglacial period 300,000 years ago. The findings suggested a hunting ground on the lakeshore. An interdisciplinary ...

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Engineering

Revealed: Mechanical damage during an asthma attack

In asthma, the tightening of muscles around the bronchi causes damage to the airway by squeezing and destroying epithelial cells, which promotes the airway inflammation and mucus production often associated with an asthma attack, researchers report. The findings suggest that preventing the mechanical damage caused by an asthma attack, rather than treating only its downstream symptoms, could pave the way for therapies that stop the whole asthma inflammatory cycle. Asthma is a common airway disorder affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Although it is primarily considered an inflammatory disease, a diagnostic feature of asthma is mechanical bronchoconstriction – the ...

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