Social factors, including socioeconomic disadvantages, race and physical differences, further intensify the problem. Bullying is not just a childhood rite of passage – it is a critical societal issue with enduring impacts on health, education and community well-being.
Researchers from Florida Atlantic University’s Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine took a deep dive into the risk factors of bullying among U.S. adolescents ages 12 to 17 using data from the National Survey of Children’s Health, a U.S. Census Bureau household survey collecting information on children’s physical and mental health, access to care, and family and social environments. The study focused on how socioeconomic challenges, social influences, family dynamics, and pre-existing health conditions contribute to the risk of bullying, with the goal of informing more effective prevention strategies.
The results of the study, published in the journal Child Psychiatry & Human Development, found that adolescents who were overweight, struggled to make friends, were born outside the U.S., or faced mental health challenges – such as anxiety, depression, ADD/ADHD – or learning disabilities were at higher risk of being involved in bullying, either as victims, perpetrators or both.
Overweight and obese teens, in particular, faced higher odds of being both bullied and bullying others, and those who engaged in bullying also showed higher rates of behavioral problems, depression, frequent arguments and social difficulties.
Foreign-born adolescents were more likely to be bullied than their U.S.-born peers. While both groups often internalized their problems, parental monitoring appeared to help protect foreign-born teens, possibly because they relied more on family support when facing social challenges.
Among all 37,425 adolescents surveyed between 2022 and 2023, 13,724 (36.7%) reported being bullied in the past year, with 24.7% experiencing bullying once or twice, 6.4% monthly, 3.4% weekly, and 2.1% nearly every day. Additionally, 4,936 (13.2%) adolescents reported bullying others, with 10.4% doing so once or twice, and smaller percentages engaging in bullying more frequently.
The findings point to a cycle in which being bullied can increase the likelihood of bullying others. Many of the same factors were linked to both experiences, underscoring the complex and interconnected nature of teen bullying.
“Our findings underscore the urgent need for evidence-based interventions to address bullying and its impact on adolescents’ mental, physical and social well-being,” said Lea Sacca, Ph.D., senior author and an assistant professor of population health in the Schmidt College of Medicine. “Effective strategies involve shaping student attitudes, training school staff to respond to bullying, and engaging caregivers. Schools that implement these approaches have seen meaningful reductions in bullying and improvements in student mental health, offering lasting support to those most at risk.”
Few school-based bullying prevention programs actively involve parents, even though programs that engage caregivers tend to see greater reductions in both bullying victimization and perpetration. To overcome these gaps, the researchers say that prevention strategies should also be culturally sensitive and accessible – offering workshops at flexible times, providing translated materials and arranging childcare during events.
Successful programs rely on collaboration between parents and teachers, incorporating parental feedback on interventions and addressing concerns about their children’s behavior. Parents are also encouraged to strengthen relationships with their children and model positive social interactions and conflict resolution at home.
School policies play an important role as well. While there are no federal antibullying laws, the U.S. Department of Education has recommended 16 components for state laws, including clear definitions of bullying, characteristics of common targets, and detailed guidance for school districts. Although all states have some form of antibullying laws, only a few fully adopt the DOE’s recommendations, highlighting the need for stronger, more consistent policies.
“Preventing bullying requires a team effort – schools, parents and communities working together,” said Sacca. “When parents are actively involved and school policies are strong and consistent, we can create safer environments that support every student’s mental, physical and social well-being.”
Study co-authors are FAU medical students Pedro Soto; Victoria Reis; Isabella Abraham; Cheila Llorens; Ayden Dunn; and Austin Lent.
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About the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine:
Florida Atlantic University’s Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine is one of approximately 159 accredited medical schools in the U.S. The college was launched in 2010, when the Florida Board of Governors made a landmark decision authorizing FAU to award the M.D. degree. After receiving approval from the Florida legislature and the governor, it became the 134th allopathic medical school in North America. With more than 170 full and part-time faculty and more than 1,400 affiliate faculty, the college matriculates 80 medical students each year and has been nationally recognized for its innovative curriculum. The college offers M.S. (thesis and non-thesis) and Ph.D. programs in biomedical science, along with a certificate in genomics and precision medicine. Taught by top researchers, the curriculum combines innovative coursework with hands-on learning, preparing graduates for careers in medicine, research, industry, and academia. To further Florida Atlantic’s commitment to increase much needed medical residency positions in Palm Beach County and to ensure that the region will continue to have an adequate and well-trained physician workforce, the FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Consortium for Graduate Medical Education (GME) was formed in fall 2011 with five leading hospitals in Palm Beach County. The consortium currently has five Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited residencies including internal medicine, surgery, emergency medicine, psychiatry, and neurology, and five fellowships in cardiology, hospice and palliative care, geriatrics, vascular surgery, and pulmonary disease and critical care medicine. The college also manages the Florida Atlantic University Medical Group, offering comprehensive primary care, and the Marcus Institute of Integrative Health specializes in integrative pain management, precision therapies, and mental health.
About Florida Atlantic University:
Florida Atlantic University serves more than 32,000 undergraduate and graduate students across six campuses along Florida’s Southeast coast. Recognized as one of only 21 institutions nationwide with dual designations from the Carnegie Classification - “R1: Very High Research Spending and Doctorate Production” and “Opportunity College and University” - FAU stands at the intersection of academic excellence and social mobility. Ranked among the Top 100 Public Universities by U.S. News & World Report, FAU is also nationally recognized as a Top 25 Best-In-Class College and cited by Washington Monthly as “one of the country’s most effective engines of upward mobility.” As a university of first choice for students across Florida and the nation, FAU welcomed its most academically competitive incoming class in university history in Fall 2025. To learn more, visit www.fau.edu.
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