Studying genes helps life science researchers understand how our bodies work and how diseases progress. Scientists have long looked to model species – mice, for example – to understand human biology. This is at the root of what is called the 'ortholog conjecture': the idea that we can take what we learn from a few species and apply it to many.
The ortholog conjecture
To get an idea of what orthologs are about, consider wolf teeth. If we want to know more about our canine teeth, would we learn more by looking at the canines of wolves? Or would it be better to look at our molars? The answer might not be straightforward. In genetics, scientists address a similar question: Is it better to compare genes in mice and humans that directly descend from a common ancestor (these are called 'orthologs') – or to compare imperfect copies of genes within a human being (the 'paralogs')?
Assume nothing
For the past 40 years, scientists have gone with Plan A: the orthologs, and this has worked quite well. Studying genes in model species has provided invaluable insights in all areas of biology. But until now, there hasn't been enough data to answer this question with authority. With advances in biotechnology producing vast quantities of data every day, there is finally enough to settle the debate.
Using advanced computational techniques on data derived from tens of thousands of scientific articles, the researchers analysed 400 000 pairs of genes (orthologs and paralogs) from 13 different species. The team compared the two approaches and picked a winner.
"We have the data to prove that the study of orthologs is indeed useful, but we are only at the beginning," says Prof. Marc Robinson-Rechavi of SIB and the University of Lausanne. "This is at the heart of all of comparative genomics, in which we try to extrapolate knowledge from a handful of organisms and apply it to all of life."
"We found that current experimental annotations do support the standard model," explains Christophe Dessimoz of EMBL-EBI. "Our work corroborates the assumption that studying the genes of other species – whether mice, yeast, or even bacteria – can elucidate aspects of human biology."
The same question has recently been addressed by Matthew Hahn and colleagues (University of Indiana, USA), whose different conclusion sparked some debate. The new research demonstrates that these controversial results were due to overlooked biases in the collective knowledge of gene function. Controlling for these, the new study unequivocally supports the ortholog conjecture and the fact that studying species we are only distantly related to – even worms, flies, yeasts or bacteria – is relevant and useful.
Open science
This study was made possible by the tradition of open science in bioinformatics, which is strongly supported by SIB, EMBL-EBI and ELIXIR, the incipient infrastructure for life science data in Europe. All of the data used in the study was freely available, including the genome sequences and experimental knowledge described in thousands of publications. ELIXIR will build on this tradition and provide the next generation of infrastructure for biological information in Europe and worldwide.
INFORMATION:
About the study
Adrian M. Altenhoff, Romain A. Studer, Marc Robinson-Rechavi and Christophe Dessimoz. (2012) Resolving the ortholog conjecture: orthologs tend to be weakly, but significantly, more similar in function than paralogs. PLoS Comp Biol (in press). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002514
Link: www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002511
About SIB
SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is an academic not-for-profit foundation recognized of public utility. It federates bioinformatics activities throughout Switzerland. Its two-fold mission is to provide world-class core bioinformatics resources to the national and international life science research community in key fields such as genomics, proteomics and systems biology; as well as to lead and coordinate the field of bioinformatics in Switzerland. It has a long-standing tradition of producing state-of-the-art software for the life science research community, as well as carefully annotated databases. SIB includes 31 world-class research and service groups, which gather more than 480 researchers, in the fields of proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, systems biology, structural bioinformatics, evolutionary bioinformatics, modelling, imaging, biophysics, and population genetics in Basel, Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, and Zurich. SIB's expertise is widely appreciated and its services are used by life sciences researchers worldwide.
www.isb-sib.ch
About EMBL-EBI
The European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) is part of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and is located on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus in Hinxton near Cambridge, UK. The EBI grew out of EMBL's pioneering work in providing public biological databases to the research community. It hosts some of the world's most important collections of biological data, including DNA sequences (ENA), protein sequences (UniProt), animal genomes (Ensembl), 3D structures (the Protein Databank in Europe), data from gene expression experiments (ArrayExpress), protein-protein interactions (IntAct) and pathway information (Reactome). EMBL-EBI hosts several research groups and its scientists continually develop new tools for the biocomputing community. www.ebi.ac.uk
About EMBL
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory is a basic research institute funded by public research monies from 20 member states (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) and associate member state Australia. Research at EMBL is conducted by approximately 85 independent groups covering the spectrum of molecular biology. The Laboratory has five units: the main Laboratory in Heidelberg, and outstations in Grenoble, Hamburg, Hinxton and Monterotondo (near Rome). The cornerstones of EMBL's mission are: to perform basic research in molecular biology; to train scientists, students and visitors at all levels; to offer vital services to scientists in the member states; to develop new instruments and methods in the life sciences and to actively engage in technology transfer activities. Around 190 students are enrolled in EMBL's International PhD programme. Additionally, the Laboratory offers a platform for dialogue with the general public through science communication activities such as lecture series, visitor programmes and the dissemination of scientific achievements. www.embl.org
Contacts:
Irène Perovsek,
Head of Communications SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, 1015 Lausanne
+41 21 692 40 54 / +41 (0)78 876 11 29
E-mail: irene.perovsek@isb-sib.ch
Mary Todd-Bergman,
Press Officer EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute
Hinxton, UK
+44 1223 494 665
E-mail: contactpress@ebi.ac.uk
Web: www.ebi.ac.uk/information/news
Katrina Pavelin
Press Officer EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute
Hinxton, UK
+44 1223 494 452
E-mail: contactpress@ebi.ac.uk
Web: www.ebi.ac.uk/information/news
END
