Ammonia is an essential chemical used across many industries worldwide. Beyond its traditional role as a fertilizer, it is also a promising liquid hydrogen carrier and low-carbon fuel that could help reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, conventional ammonia production based on the Haber–Bosch (HB) process requires considerable energy and contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for roughly 1–1.3% of global emissions annually. Given its growing importance, there is an urgent need to reduce the environmental burden of ammonia production. Recently, ...

Physical rehabilitation and symptom management still remain the mainstay of treatment for stroke, as clot removal or dissolution is effective only within a narrow time frame after the stroke. After that, many patients are left with long-term problems like difficulty in walking, speaking, and memory decline. Exercise has been beneficial in preventing strokes and improving recovery. However, the majority of these patients, being elderly, are too frail to exercise enough to gain these benefits.   In an ...

Thermal management is essential for reducing future heating and cooling energy consumption. Notably, the near-infrared (NIR) component of sunlight is closely associated with heat absorption. Hexagonal tungsten oxide nanorods are promising NIR-blocking electrochromic materials that change their color, transparency, and opacity upon the application of a small electric voltage. Their hexagonal tunnels, known as optically active sites, can effectively accommodate electrolyte ions and enable dynamic NIR ...

The language used to describe conflicts naturally reflects assumptions about how different forms of violence emerge and develop. “For instance, we think that 'civil wars' are the result of internal strife, and we debate whether wars should be characterized as matters of 'invasion' or 'defense.' In a similar way, experts also label conflicts to indicate important properties and to make patterns across conflicts comparable for use in systematic analysis, early warning, and ...

Highlights: According to the American Heart Association’s 2026 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Update, heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the U.S. and stroke has moved up to the #4 spot. Together, heart disease and stroke accounted for more than a quarter of all deaths in the U.S. in 2023, the most recent year for which data is available. Cardiovascular diseases, including all types of heart disease and stroke, claim more lives in the U.S. each year than all forms of cancer and accidental deaths — the #2 and #3 causes of death — combined. Embargoed until 4 a.m. CT / 5 a.m. ET Wednesday, Jan. 21, 2026 DALLAS, ...

A nanostructure made of silver and an atomically thin semiconductor layer can be turned into an ultrafast switching mirror device that may function as an optical transistor – with a switching speed around 10,000 times faster than an electronic transistor. An international team of researchers led by University of Oldenburg physicist Professor Dr. Christoph Lienau describes this effect in a paper published in the current issue of Nature Nanotechnology. Ultrafast light switches offer interesting prospects for optical data processing, the researchers explain. The team’s goal was to find a material ...

Are generative artificial intelligence systems such as ChatGPT truly creative? A research team led by Professor Karim Jerbi from the Department of Psychology at the Université de Montréal, and including AI pioneer Yoshua Bengio, also a professor at Université de Montréal, has just published the largest comparative study ever conducted on the creativity of large language models versus humans. Published in Scientific Reports (Nature Portfolio), the findings reveal that generative AI has reached a major milestone: it can ...

Scientists from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science and colleagues have developed a new way to fabricate three-dimensional nanoscale devices from single-crystal materials using a focused ion beam instrument. The group used this new method to carve helical-shaped devices from a topological magnet composed of cobalt, tin, and sulfur, with a chemical formula of Co₃Sn₂S₂, and found that they behave like switchable diodes, meaning that they allow electricity to flow more easily in one direction than the other. Creating ...

Organic chemistry is packed with rules about structure and reactivity, especially when it comes to making and breaking chemical bonds. The rules governing how these bonds, which hold atoms together in molecules, form and the shapes they give molecules are often thought to be absolute, but UCLA organic chemists are pushing the boundaries of the possible.   In 2024, Neil Garg’s lab violated Bredt’s rule, a 100-year-old rule stating that molecules cannot have a carbon-carbon double bond at the “bridgehead” position (the ring junction of a bridged bicyclic molecule). Now, they’ve developed the chemistry of ...

A new global dryland assessment using long-term satellite observations reveals widespread vegetation greening over the past two decades, reversing long-held expectations of accelerating desertification. Using satellite-based productivity data, researchers quantified where greening occurred, at what speed, what forces contributed to it, and how much was driven by agricultural expansion rather than climate or CO₂ fertilization alone. The findings reshape our understanding of dryland ecosystems and highlight the strong influence of human land-use practices. Drylands cover more than 40% of the global land surface and support over three billion people while maintaining essential ecological ...

PeroCycle, which is developing a closed carbon loop system to decarbonise foundation industries, has announced the appointments of Allan Baker, Managing Director at Société Générale, as a Non-Executive Director (NED), and Ruth Herbert, a senior leader at Essar Energy Transition, as Board Advisor. The new appointments significantly strengthen the company’s strategic abilities, and reflect PeroCycle’s commitment to surrounding its leadership with experienced voices from across policy, finance, and industry to support long-term growth and meaningful climate impact.  The system under ...

Just as avalanches on snowy mountains start with the movement of a small quantity of snow, the ESA-led Solar Orbiter spacecraft has discovered that a solar flare is triggered by initially weak disturbances that quickly become more violent. This rapidly evolving process creates a ‘sky’ of raining plasma blobs that continue to fall even after the flare subsides. The discovery was enabled by one of Solar Orbiter’s most detailed views of a large solar flare, observed during the spacecraft’s 30 September 2024 close approach to the Sun. It is described in a paper being published on Wednesday 21 January in Astronomy ...

January 21, 2026 – LeapSpace™, Elsevier’s research-grade, AI-assisted workspace, is now live and available to customers. Built on the world’s most comprehensive collection of scientific content, LeapSpace helps academic and corporate researchers uncover deeper insights, accelerate innovation, and collaborate seamlessly in one secure environment. It combines multi-model responsible AI with transparency and clear trust markers, industrial-grade data privacy and security, so that every insight is explainable, traceable, and ...

Belugas are even harder to study than most whales: it’s difficult to observe a species that vanishes under the Arctic ice. But now DNA analysis has given scientists a precious glimpse into the social life of a beluga population living in Bristol Bay, Alaska. They found that males and females mate with many different partners over the years, which could be keeping this small, isolated population genetically viable.  “We still know very little about beluga whales, despite their immense popularity,” said Dr Greg O’Corry-Crowe of Florida Atlantic University, lead author of the paper ...

In the icy waters of Alaska’s Bristol Bay, a new study reveals how a small population of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) survive the long haul through a surprising strategy: they mate with multiple partners over several years. The combination of long-term genetics, observation and careful analysis is starting to reveal some of the most intimate insights into one of the Arctic’s most elusive whales. Beluga whales live in a world that’s difficult for scientists to observe, so surprisingly little is known about how they choose mates, compete for partners, ...

Modern cells are complex chemical entities with cytoskeletons, finely regulated internal and external molecules, and genetic material that determines nearly every aspect of their functioning. This complexity allows cells to survive in a wide variety of environments and compete based on their fitness. However, the earliest primordial cells were little more than small compartments where a membrane of lipids enclosed simple organic molecules. Bridging the divide between simple protocells and complex modern cells is a major ...

A new study led by Boston College School of Social Work Professor Summer Sherburne Hawkins found that recreational cannabis legalization in the United States is driving increases in cannabis use among adults with historically lower consumption, as opposed to increasing use among those who already consumed cannabis. The research, titled “The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use in US Adults from 2016-2023: A Quasi-experimental Study” and published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, contributes evidence that cannabis use—the most frequently consumed illicit drug in the U.S.—is spreading to new populations. Despite ...

As global demand for sustainable energy surges, the performance ceiling of current battery technologies is increasingly tied to how efficiently ions and electrons move through the cell. Now, a multinational team led by Dr. Yuntong Sun (Nanyang Technological University), Dr. Zhendong Hao (Nanjing Institute of Technology) and Prof. Jong-Min Lee (DGIST) has delivered a panoramic review in Nano-Micro Letters showing how molecular and ionic dipole interactions can push that ceiling higher. The work provides a design playbook for next-generation high-energy batteries that are safer, longer-lasting and wide-temperature-capable. Why ...

As spacecraft venture deeper into extreme environments (−270 °C to 1650 °C, 10-6 g, 5000 mSv), conventional solar, battery and nuclear sources reveal weight, radiation and eclipse limitations. Now researchers from Luleå University of Technology, Khalifa University and the University of Cambridge—led by Rayyan Ali Shaukat, Yarjan Abdul Samad and Yijun Shi—deliver the first panoramic review on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as lightweight, self-powered energy and sensing solutions for next-generation space systems. Why TENGs Matter • Energy everywhere – convert launch vibration, micrometeoroid impacts, ...

As global energy demands surge and fossil-fuel reserves shrink, next-generation 2D materials are racing to deliver ultrahigh capacity, ultrafast kinetics and rock-solid stability. Now, researchers from Henan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences—led by Dr Jai Kumar, Dr Zhuanpei Wang and Prof Xiaowei Yang—have published a panoramic review on MBene, the boron-based sibling of MXene, that charts a direct route from wet-lab synthesis to AI-guided device deployment. The work offers a one-stop roadmap ...

As maritime electrification and blue-energy harvesting accelerate, conventional Pt/C cathodes collapse in natural seawater because chloride ions poison active sites and shift the oxygen-reduction pathway from the desired 4 e⁻ route to the parasitic 2 e⁻ peroxide route. Now, researchers from Central South University and Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, led by Professor Jun Wu and Professor Danlei Li, have unveiled a universal oxidative-polymerization route that axially clamps Fe–N₄ single-atom sites with heteroatoms ...

Precision alignment in semiconductor lithography demands nanometer-scale accuracy, as even minor misalignments between the mask and wafer can drastically impact chip yield. However, existing optical measurement techniques, which rely on coherent light sources and grating structures, face significant limitations. These methods require the detection of a vast number of photons to achieve sufficient signal-to-noise ratio through statistical averaging, leading to prolonged measurement times and constraints in real-time, high-speed applications such as multi-patterning lithography. Additionally, the physical size and complexity of conventional optical systems hinder their ...

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with high postoperative recurrence rates and poor prognosis. Mitotane remains the only approved agent for ACC, exerting antitumor effects by disrupting mitochondrial integrity, inhibiting steroidogenic enzymes, and interfering with cholesterol metabolism. Clinical evidence supports maintaining plasma concentrations between 14–20 mg/L to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. This comprehensive review outlines mitotane’s mechanisms of action, clinical applications in adjuvant and advanced settings, dosage strategies, ...

Intense Laser and Nuclear Fusion In a collaborative study, Assistant Professor Jintao Qi (Shenzhen Technology University), Professor Zhaoyan Zhou (National University of Defense Technology), and Professor Xu Wang (Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics) investigated the theoretical processes of nuclear fusion in the presence of intense laser fields. The study addresses a central challenge in controlled fusion research: overcoming the strong Coulomb repulsion between positively charged nuclei, which conventionally necessitates heating fusion fuel to temperatures exceeding tens of ...

Researchers tested what factors improve or worsen the quality of sleep in mice. A team including researchers from the University of Tokyo placed mice in two environments, one where they could see and sense other mice without physical contact, and one in complete isolation. They found that mice higher in their social hierarchy likely benefited from isolation, while those lower did not. However, the specific impact on the amount of REM sleep varied depending on the genetic background of the mice. The team hopes to investigate the relationship between social connections ...