People who are severely overweight (obese) not only exhibit altered risk behavior, but also changes in their metabolism and psyche. It was previously assumed that severely obese people are more impulsive and show an increased willingness to take a risk. Scientists from the DZD partner German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE) have now investigated whether massive weight loss leads to an improvement in metabolic and psychological states and whether decision-making is improved. The results were published in the journal 'Clinical Nutrition'. Being overweight can cause metabolism to slip Our behavior depends on many factors. ...

The winners of the 2024 EurekAlert! Travel Awards are Pavla Hubálková, a Czech science journalist at WIRED.CZ, and Iris Duțescu, a Romanian freelance science journalist.   An independent panel of three judges with regional science journalism expertise selected the winners. Both awardees will receive travel support from EurekAlert! to attend the 2025 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston, Mass., where they will have opportunities to cover the latest scientific research and make connections with scientists ...

Splenic venous hypertension (SVH), also known as left-sided portal hypertension, is a rare condition characterized by upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in the absence of liver disease. This condition arises due to increased pressure in the splenic vein (SV), causing blood to drain through the short gastric veins to the stomach, leading to the dilation of submucosal structures and the formation of gastric varices. Unlike traditional portal venous hypertension (PVH), SVH does not involve elevated pressures in the main portal vein and is primarily an extrahepatic condition. Diagnosing SVH requires ...

"With the method we developed, we can make things visible that no one has seen before," says Prof. Sebastian Loth, Managing Director of the Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies (FMQ) at the University of Stuttgart. "This makes it possible to settle questions about the movement of electrons in solids that have been unanswered since the 1980s." However, the findings of Loth's group are also of very practical significance for the development of new materials. Tiny changes with macroscopic consequences In ...

A fiery orange bat, its wings folded and tiny teeth forever bared on its fuzzy face, is mounted inside a 6-inch, black coffin. Its retail price: $59. Or, for $140, you can get one framed with its black and orange wings spread, deliverable in two days. Despite declining numbers in the wild, hundreds of specimens like this of Kerivoula picta—or painted woolly bat—are being sold on Etsy, eBay and Amazon as jewelry, Halloween decorations, and jarred curios.  A study published July 9 in the European Journal of Wildlife Research found “abundant evidence that ...

AMHERST, Mass. – Informal political polls conducted on X/Twitter during both the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections were significantly skewed by questionable votes, many of which may have been purchased from troll farms. This conclusion, reached by a team of scientists led by Przemyslaw (Przemek) Grabowicz, research assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, shows that X/Twitter’s poll system deliberately reports biased public vote counts. On average, the results of such questionable polls favored Donald Trump over Joe Biden, 58% to 42% in a head-to-head comparison, during 2020. The team additionally found that ...

An international research collaboration, led by Prof. Dr. Robert Grosse (Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg), Dr. Libor Macurek (Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague) and Dr. Zdenek Lansky (Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague) has uncovered a new mechanism of the crosstalk between microtubules and actin cytoskeleton during cell division and ...

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality globally. Chronic alcohol consumption, a primary driver of ALD, leads to a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from fatty liver to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In China, the incidence of ALD has been rising at an alarming rate, reflecting the country's rapid economic growth and changing social norms around alcohol consumption. This paper explores the complex social factors influencing ALD in China, the complications ...

Foreign direct investments (FDI) in tropical countries in extractive industries like mining, logging and fossil fuels have a long, environmentally destructive track record in tropical countries. Are FDI in food systems another extractive industry? Highlights: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in food systems are a major contributor to deforestation in tropical countries, an advanced machine learning model shows Laws requiring deforestation-free exports are welcome but likely address only a fraction of forest loss potentially linked to FDI in food systems in domestic markets Better regulation of FDI in domestic food production is needed to save more forest ...

SEATTLE – Everybody poops, but not every day. New research by the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) suggests bowel movement frequency is linked to long-term health.  An ISB-led research team examined the clinical, lifestyle, and multi-omic data of more than 1,400 healthy adults. How often people poop, they found, can have a large influence on one’s physiology and health. Their findings will be published in the Cell Reports Medicine on July 16. Researchers explored data from consenting participants of the consumer wellness company Arivale. The ...

Hormone modulating therapy (HMT) used for the treatment of breast cancer was associated with a 7% lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias later in life, according to a new study published today in JAMA Network Open. The study, which is one of the largest of its kind, found that although HMT was linked with protection against the development of dementia overall, the association decreased with age and varied by race. “Our findings emphasize the importance of being cognizant of individual patient factors when we prescribe medications or develop treatment plans for breast cancer,” said senior author Francesmary Modugno, Ph.D. M.P.H., ...

About The Study: In this retrospective cohort study, hormone therapy was associated with protection against Alzheimer disease and related dementias in women age 65 or older with newly diagnosed breast cancer; the decrease in risk was relatively greater for Black women and women under age 75, while the protective effect of hormone-modulating therapy (HMT) diminished with age and varied by race in women. When deciding to use HMT for breast cancer in women age 65 years or more, clinicians should consider age, self-identified race, and HMT type in treatment decisions. Corresponding ...

As part of a nationwide trend, many more of NYU Langone Health’s patients during the pandemic started using electronic health record tools to ask their doctors questions, refill prescriptions, and review test results. Many patients’ digital inquiries arrived via a communications tool called In Basket, which is built into NYU Langone’s electronic health record (EHR) system, EPIC. While physicians have always dedicated time to managing EHR messages, they saw a more than 30% annual increase in recent years in the number of messages received daily, according an article by ...

UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL JULY 16, 2024, AT 11:00 AM ET ITHACA, N.Y. – A new study of radar experiment data from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn has yielded fresh insights related to the makeup and activity of the liquid hydrocarbon seas near the north pole of Titan, the largest of Saturn’s 146 known moons. The key takeaway: Using data from several bistatic radar experiments, a Cornell University-led research team was able to separately analyze and estimate the composition and roughness of Titan’s sea surfaces, something previous analyses of monostatic radar data were unable to achieve. This will help pave the way for future combined ...

LA JOLLA, CA—Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia, currently affects twice as many women as men, with minority populations predicted to witness the most significant increase in cases in the coming years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disturbances in sleep are well-known in dementia but have previously been explained as an outcome of the disease, not the cause. Increasing evidence, however, now implicates sleep disturbances with the development of dementia. In a bid to better understand the relationship between sleep and cognitive outcomes in women, scientists at the Scripps ...

In California's Northern San Joaquin Valley, agricultural leftovers such as almond shells, fruit peels, and orchard trimmings can potentially be converted into sustainable bioproducts and biofuels – with the right technology. Today, Schmidt Sciences’ Virtual Institute on Feedstocks of the Future awarded new funding to a group investigating how to make better use of the diverse agricultural waste in the region. The group, “Building the Circular Bioeconomy in the North San Joaquin Valley” or BioCircular Valley, is co-led by the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), UC Berkeley, and BEAM Circular, ...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The primary curative treatments for HCC are liver transplantation, hepatectomy, and local ablation. However, the recurrence rate of HCC following hepatectomy or ablation remains alarmingly high, up to 70%, severely impacting patient prognosis and overall survival (OS). To mitigate postoperative recurrence and improve patient outcomes, various adjuvant therapies have been explored. Despite the efficacy of several adjuvant treatments in reducing recurrence rates and enhancing survival, ...

INDIANAPOLIS – Palliative care, specialized medical care focusing on providing relief from the symptoms -- including pain -- and the stress of serious illness, is underutilized in nursing homes, despite the large number of nursing home residents living with a serious illness such as cancer, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A qualitative study, published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, analyzes lack of palliative ...

Milan, July 15, 2024 – By the age of three, children are capable of understanding others, "mirroring" those they are with to imitate and anticipate their intentions. They are able to do it thanks to the sophisticated neurofunctional architecture that is necessary to understand others' intentions, the mirror neurons,  that result already active at this age. It’s the result of a study published in the prestigious journal PNAS, led by the collaboration between Giacomo Rizzolatti of the University of ...

EMBARGO: THIS CONTENT IS UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 9 A.M. U.S. EASTERN STANDARD TIME ON JULY 16. INTERESTED MEDIA MAY RECIVE A PREVIEW COPY OF THE JOURNAL ARTICLE IN ADVANCE OF THAT DATE OR CONDUCT INTERVIEWS, BUT THE INFORMATION MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED, BROADCAST, OR POSTED ONLINE UNTIL AFTER THE RELEASE WINDOW.   New research shows that ozone concentrations at Carlsbad Caverns National Park frequently exceed Environmental Protection Agency health standards, likely due to oil and natural gas development in the Permian Basin and surrounding region. The work was led through the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University and is part of ...

ITHACA, N.Y. – Researchers studying antimicrobial-resistant E. coli – the leading cause of human death due to antimicrobial resistance worldwide – have identified a mechanism in dogs that may render multiple antibiotic classes ineffective. The paper, which will publish July 16 in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology at 9:00am EST, opens up new avenues for therapies to treat both animals and humans – and establishes clinical infections in dogs as a surveillance approach for public health. The research team analyzed more than 1,000 genomes of the resistant ...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for effective management and improved survival rates. Ultrasound (US) technology has significantly advanced and plays a pivotal role in the surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of HCC. This paper delves into various ultrasound techniques and their clinical applications in HCC management. Two-dimensional gray-scale ultrasound is a fundamental imaging technique for HCC surveillance. ...

Democrats and Republicans overestimate the percentage of people in the opposing party who approve of widely agreed-upon moral wrongs, such as theft or animal abuse, according to a study. Today, Americans hate their opposing political party more than they love their own party, and political animosity and dehumanization of opposing party members have been on the rise for decades. Curtis Puryear and colleagues looked for a “basic morality bias” in social media posts from 5,806 political partisans by searching for words that referencd ...

Mohammad Atari and colleagues explore the promise and peril of using large language models (LLMs) in psychological research, beginning by urging researchers to also ask themselves whether and why they should use LLMs—not just how they should use them. The authors caution against using LLMs as a replacement for human participants, noting that LLMs cannot capture the substantial cross-cultural variation in cognition and moral judgement known to exist. Most LLMs have been trained on data primarily from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) sources, disproportionately in English. Additionally, although ...

Large language models (LMs) can complete abstract reasoning tasks, but they are susceptible to many of the same types of mistakes made by humans. Andrew Lampinen, Ishita Dasgupta, and colleagues tested state-of-the-art LMs and humans on three kinds of reasoning tasks: natural language inference, judging the logical validity of syllogisms, and the Wason selection task. The authors found the LMs to be prone to similar content effects as humans. Both humans and LMs are more likely to mistakenly label an invalid argument as valid when the semantic content is sensical and believable. LMs are also just as bad as humans at the Wason selection task, in which the participant ...