Science
press releases.

Science10 Oct 2023

Five years of legal cannabis in Canada: mixed success

Five years after cannabis legalization in Canada, it appears to be a mixed success, with social justice benefits outweighing health benefits, write authors in a commentary published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) https://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.230808. Cannabis use was legalized in Canada in October 2018, with the goal to improve cannabis-related public health and safety, and reduce youth access and illegal activities related to cannabis. There was concern among some health ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Long-term lizard study challenges the rules of evolutionary biology

Charles Darwin said that evolution was constantly happening, causing animals to adapt for survival. But many of his contemporaries disagreed. If evolution is always causing things to change, they asked, then how is it that two fossils from the same species, found in the same location, can look identical despite being 50 million years apart in age? Everything changed in the past 40 years, when an explosion of evolutionary studies proved that evolution can and does occur rapidly — even from one generation to the next. Evolutionary biologists were thrilled, but the findings reinforced the same paradox: If evolution can happen so fast, then why do most species on Earth continue to ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

No lizard is an island

Many species experience little to no change over long periods of time. Biologists often fall back on the same explanation for why this is true: that natural selection favors individuals with more moderate characteristics. Individuals with more extreme features — longer limbs, for example — have a disadvantage, while more moderate or average individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their common features. But new research from Washington University in St. Louis and the Georgia ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Nature is inventive - the same substance is produced differently by plants

Maize plants form special compounds derived from indole, the so-called benzoxazinoids. They are considered ecologically important because they act against a wide range of herbivores and reduce their feeding. Benzoxazinoids also exhibit antimicrobial properties and are thought to be involved in mediating plant-plant interactions. Their biosynthesis in maize has been known since the 1990s. Meanwhile, their biosynthetic pathway has been described in several grasses, but benzoxazinoids have also been found in other plant species. Their distribution is peculiar: While specialized metabolites often occur in specific evolutionary related plant species, benzoxazinoids ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Ancient Maya reservoirs offer lessons for today’s water crises

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — According to a new paper, ancient Maya reservoirs, which used aquatic plants to filter and clean the water, “can serve as archetypes for natural, sustainable water systems to address future water needs.” The Maya built and maintained reservoirs that were in use for more than 1,000 years, wrote University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign anthropology professor Lisa Lucero in a perspective in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. These reservoirs provided potable water for thousands to tens of thousands of people in cities during the annual, five-month dry season and in periods of prolonged ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Epigenetic regulator MOF drives mitochondrial metabolism

The intricate control of cellular metabolism relies on the coordinated and harmonious interplay between the nucleus and mitochondria. On the one hand, mitochondria are the hub for the production of essential metabolites, which aside from being required to meet the energy demands of the cell, also serve as the building blocks for constructing both genetic and epigenetic landscapes in the nucleus. On the other hand, the majority of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes are encoded by the nuclear genome, making the function of these two organelles highly interdependent on one another. Inter-organellar communication is aided by molecules that shuttle between these two compartments. ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Do you know a stroke hero?

Each year, approximately 800,000 people in the U.S. experience a stroke, according to the American Heart Association’s 2023 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. Individuals and groups making a difference in the stroke community have a chance to be nationally recognized with a 2024 Stroke Hero Award from the American Stroke Association, a division of the American Heart Association, which is devoted to a world of healthier lives for all. Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death and a leading cause of serious, long-term ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Newly-discovered “margarita snails” from the Florida Keys are bright lemon-yellow

The “Margaritaville” in Jimmy Buffett’s famous song isn’t a real place, but it’s long been associated with the Florida Keys. This string of tropical islands is home to the only living coral barrier reef in the continental US, along with many animals found nowhere else in the world. One of them is a newly-discovered, bright yellow snail, named in honor of Margaritaville. The lemon- (or, key-lime-) colored snail, along with its lime-green cousin from Belize, is the subject of a study published in the journal PeerJ. These marine snails are distant relatives of the land-dwelling gastropods you ...

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Science9 Oct 2023

Is this how antidepressants work, and why they take weeks to kick-in?

Type of work: peer-reviewed/randomised controlled trial/people SSRI antidepressants normally take a few weeks before any showing mental health benefits, but how come it takes so long? Now a study from a group of clinicians and scientists provides the first human evidence that this is due to physical changes in the brain leading to greater brain plasticity developing over the first few weeks of SSRI intake. This may also begin to explain one of the mechanisms of how antidepressants work. This work is presented at the ECNP conference in Barcelona on 9th October. This ...

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Science8 Oct 2023

Discovery of invisible nutrient discharge on Great Barrier Reef raises concerns

Scientists using natural tracers off Queensland’s coast have discovered the source of previously unquantified nitrogen and phosphorous having a profound environmental impact on the Great Barrier Reef. The findings, published today in Environmental Science and Technology, indicate current efforts to preserve and restore the health of the Reef may require a new perspective. Southern Cross University’s Dr Douglas Tait leads the ground-breaking study, ‘Submarine groundwater discharge exceeds river inputs as a source of nutrients to the Great Barrier Reef’. Submarine ...

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Science7 Oct 2023

Antidepressants versus running for depression: is there a winner?

Type of work: peer-reviewed/experimental study/people The first study to compare effects of antidepressants with running exercises for anxiety, depression and overall health shows that they have about the same benefits for mental health – but a 16-week course of running over the same period scores higher in terms of physical health improvement, whereas antidepressants lead to a slightly worse physical condition, as has been suggested by previous studies. However, the drop-out rate was much higher in the group which initially ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Research reveals disparities in access to quality parks

In urban areas throughout the United States, it is imperative for all communities to have equal access to high quality parks. These parks can have many benefits for the physical and mental well-being of the residents who live in close proximity to the urban green spaces. For instance, they are a place to socialize and exercise outdoors while also providing vegetation nearby, which can help reduce urban heat. Yet, in the City of Philadelphia, not all parks are created equal, according to a new study from the University of Delaware. Using a machine learning algorithm to analyze 285 ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

ESMO Congress 2023

Lugano, Switzerland, 6 October 2023 – Under the promise to “Disseminating innovative research for optimal cancer care” as this year’s tagline reads, the ESMO Congress 2023 will be held in Madrid between 20-24 October 2023 with a virtual component to allow as many people as possible to attend. From a keynote lecture pinpointing the hallmarks of cancer in the current year through the reinforced commitment towards more academic input in the drug development process for better cancer care, and then further down to the dramatic scenarios brought by the too many situations of crisis in the world which have an unbearable impact ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

nTIDE September 2023 Jobs Report: Employment trend holds steady at historic highs through early autumn for people with disabilities

East Hanover, NJ – October 6, 2023 –The labor force participation and employment-to-population ratio have held relatively steady throughout the summer and into the fall for people with disabilities, while percentages for people without disabilities may have maxed out at their pre-pandemic baseline, according to today’s National Trends in Disability Employment – semi-monthly update (nTIDE), issued by Kessler Foundation and the University of New Hampshire’s Institute on Disability (UNH-IOD). In comparison, the employment-to-population ratio for people without disabilities remained flat with no change, while ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

How the war in Ukraine is challenging two academic disciplines

Since the beginning of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, two academic disciplines have come to fore: peace and conflict studies and East European studies. Experts from both fields represent important voices in the public discourse. A symposium entitled ‘War and Peace in Ukraine: Reflecting, Studying and Engaging Across Disciplines” will be held from 12 until 13 October 2023 at Bielefeld University. It brings together experts from both fields in order to discuss the relationship between them and challenges of participating in a highly ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Consistent metabolism may prove costly for insects in saltier water

Increased salinity usually spells trouble for freshwater insects like mayflies. A new study from North Carolina State University finds that the lack of metabolic responses to salinity may explain why some freshwater insects often struggle in higher salinity, while other freshwater invertebrates (like mollusks and crustaceans) thrive. Salinity in this case refers to the concentrations of all the salts in an aquatic environment, not just sodium. “Freshwater habitats in general are getting saltier for a number of reasons, including road salt and ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Faster growth of the placenta is linked to increased risk of preeclampsia

Research sheds light on how genetics influences the growth of the placenta and reveals a link to increased risk of disease in the mother. The placenta is an organ which grows in the womb alongside the foetus, which is attached to it by the umbilical cord. It is the only organ that contain tissue from both mother and child. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing foetus and removes waste as the baby develops. A poorly functioning placenta is associated with pregnancy complications, and later risk of disease in the child. Despite its key role, little is yet known ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Integrated chronic care in Africa can improve outcomes and save money

Across Africa about two million premature deaths each year are caused by the effects of diabetes and hypertension. In contrast, most people living with HIV are in regular care and virally suppressed, and HIV mortality rates have fallen five-fold since their peak of 2 million deaths annually in the early 2000s to less than 500,000 in 2022. Dr Josephine Birungi, a co-author and Graduate Researcher-Public Health at La Trobe University, said that the similarities in chronic disease management of HIV and other chronic conditions should make integrated clinics beneficial. “The only difference is the medicine they take. We’re seeing ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Our sense of smell changes the colors we see, show scientists

Our five senses bombard us with environmental input 24/7. One way our brain makes sense of this abundance of information is by combining information from two or more senses, such as between smells and the smoothness of textures, pitch, color, and musical dimensions. This sensory integration also causes us to associate higher temperatures with warmer colors, lower sound pitches with less elevated positions, and colors with the flavor of particular foods – for example, the taste of oranges with the color of the same name. Now, a study in Frontiers in Psychology has shown experimentally that such unconscious 'crossmodal' ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Fathers’ parental leave might protect men against alcohol-related morbidity

Men who have been on parental leave have a significantly reduced risk of being hospitalized due to alcohol consumption. This is shown by a study published in Addiction from researchers at the Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University. The aim of the study was to assess whether fathers’ parental leave influences alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. In order to try to find out if that is the case, the researchers have investigated the effects of parental leave policy that was implemented in Sweden in 1995. The policy encouraged fathers to use parental leave by reserving 30 days of leave for their use alone and resulted in the proportion ...

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Science6 Oct 2023

Natural GM crops: grasses take evolutionary shortcut by borrowing genes from their neighbours

New study shows grasses are taking an evolutionary shortcut by continually borrowing genes from their neighbours to grow bigger, stronger and taller The research, led by the University of Sheffield, is the first to show how frequently grasses exchange genes in the wild The naturally occurring process observed in grasses, including in some of the crops we eat, may mirror methods used to make genetically modified crops Understanding the rate is important to know the potential impact it can have on a plant’s ...

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Science5 Oct 2023

Who will have ‘miracle’ improvement of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy?

Rheumatoid arthritis appears three times more often in women Women need to know whether they can stop taking drugs while pregnant Genetic markers could predict who will improve and who will worsen during pregnancy When women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) plan to become pregnant, many anguish over whether to stop their medications, risking a flareup in their disease, or continue with medication and risk possible harm to the baby. About 50% to 75% will see their disease naturally improve during pregnancy for not-yet-known reasons, while others may see a worsening of their RA. But they have had no way of knowing which would happen to them. Now, Northwestern Medicine scientists ...

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Science5 Oct 2023

Groundbreaking study shows defects spreading through diamond faster than the speed of sound

Settling a half century of debate, researchers have discovered that tiny linear defects can propagate through a material faster than sound waves do. These linear defects, or dislocations, are what give metals their strength and workability, but they can also make materials fail catastrophically ­– which is what happens every time you pop the pull tab on a can of soda. The fact that they can travel so fast gives scientists a new appreciation of the unusual types of damage they might do to a broad range of materials in extreme conditions ­­­­– from rock ripped apart ...

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Science5 Oct 2023

How to protect self-esteem when a career goal dies

Many people fail at achieving their early career dreams. But a new study suggests that those failures don’t have to harm your self-esteem if you think about them in the right way. Researchers found that people who viewed career goal failures as a steppingstone to new opportunities never lost self-esteem, no matter how many times they failed. But those who thought their failures left them worse off showed a drop-off in how they felt about themselves. “It’s not how many times you have had to give up. It is how you felt about the failures, and whether you thought they led to something better for you,” ...

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Science5 Oct 2023

Don’t feel appreciated by your partner? Relationship interventions can help

When we’re married or in a long-term romantic relationship, we may eventually come to take each other for granted and forget to show appreciation. A new study from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign finds that it doesn’t have to stay this way. The study examined why perceived gratitude from a spouse or romantic partner changes over time, and whether it can be improved through relationship intervention programs. “Gratitude almost seems to be a secret sauce to relationships, and an important piece to the puzzle of romantic relationships that hasn’t gotten much attention ...

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