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Science

The invasion of Ukraine and European attitudes

An ongoing survey captures how the Russian invasion of Ukraine affected attitudes in European countries not directly involved in the conflict. Margaryta Klymak and Tim Vlandas examine how the Russian invasion of Ukraine affected economic and political attitudes in eight European countries. The authors took advantage of the timing of the European Social Survey (ESS), which happened to be administered both just before and just after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 in eight countries: Switzerland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. Overall, the invasion increased support ...

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A new reaction to enhance aromatic ketone use in chemical synthesis
Science

A new reaction to enhance aromatic ketone use in chemical synthesis

Aromatic ketones have long been valuable intermediates in chemical synthesis, particularly in cross-coupling reactions where different chemical entities are combined to form new compounds. For instance, a process called deacylative cross-coupling removes the acyl group from the aromatic ketone, allowing it to bond with other chemicals and produce a wide variety of useful compounds. These reactions are crucial for producing a wide array of aromatic compounds used in various industries like agrochemicals. However, the utility of aromatic ketones has been limited due to the difficulty in breaking their strong carbon-carbon bonds. These robust bonds are challenging to cleave, ...

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Investigating the interplay of folding and aggregation in supramolecular polymer systems
Engineering

Investigating the interplay of folding and aggregation in supramolecular polymer systems

In polymers, the competition between the folding and aggregation of chains, both at an individual level and between chains, can determine the mechanical, thermal, and conductive properties of such materials. Understanding the interplay of folding and aggregation presents a significant opportunity for the development and discovery of polymeric materials with tailored properties and functionalities. This also holds true for non-covalent counterparts of conventional covalent polymers, i.e., supramolecular polymers (SPs). SPs are expected to have practical applications as novel stimuli-responsive ...

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Adaptive 3D printing system to pick and place bugs and other organisms
Engineering

Adaptive 3D printing system to pick and place bugs and other organisms

MINNEAPOLIS / ST. PAUL (08/20/2024) — A first-of-its-kind adaptive 3D printing system developed by University of Minnesota Twin Cities researchers can identify the positions of randomly distributed organisms and safely move them to specific locations for assembly. This autonomous technology will save researchers time and money in bioimaging, cybernetics, cryopreservation, and devices that integrate living organisms. The research is published in Advanced Science, a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The researchers ...

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Fossil hotspots in Africa obscure a more complete picture of human evolution
Environment

Fossil hotspots in Africa obscure a more complete picture of human evolution

WASHINGTON (August 20, 2024) – Much of the early human fossil record originates from just a few places in Africa, where favorable geological conditions have preserved a trove of fossils used by scientists to reconstruct the story of human evolution. One of these fossil hotspots is the eastern branch of the East African Rift System, home to important fossil sites such as Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania. Yet, the eastern branch of the rift system only accounts for 1% of the surface area of Africa—a fact that makes it possible to estimate how much information scientists who rely on such small samples are missing. In ...

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Extraterrestrial chemistry with earthbound possibilities
Science

Extraterrestrial chemistry with earthbound possibilities

DENVER, Aug. 20, 2024 — Who are we? Why are we here? As the Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song suggests, we are stardust, the result of chemistry occurring throughout vast clouds of interstellar gas and dust. To better understand how that chemistry could create prebiotic molecules — the seeds of life on Earth and possibly elsewhere — researchers investigated the role of low-energy electrons created as cosmic radiation traverses through ice particles. Their findings may also inform medical and environmental applications on our home planet. Undergraduate student Kennedy Barnes will present the team’s results at the fall meeting of the American ...

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Deadly sea snail toxin could be key to making better medicines
Medicine

Deadly sea snail toxin could be key to making better medicines

Scientists are finding clues for how to treat diabetes and hormone disorders in an unexpected place: a toxin from one of the most venomous animals on the planet. A multinational research team led by University of Utah scientists has identified a component within the venom of a deadly marine cone snail, the geography cone, that mimics a human hormone called somatostatin, which regulates the levels of blood sugar and various hormones in the body. The hormone-like toxin’s specific, long-lasting effects, which help the snail hunt its prey, could also help scientists design better ...

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Planets contain more water than thought
Space

Planets contain more water than thought

We know that the Earth has an iron core surrounded by a mantle of silicate bedrock and water (oceans) on its surface. Science has used this simple planet model until today for investigating exoplanets – planets that orbit another star outside our solar system. “It is only in recent years that we have begun to realise that planets are more complex than we had thought,” says Caroline Dorn, Professor for Exoplanets at ETH Zurich. Most of the exoplanets known today are located close to ...

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Medicine

Blood platelet score detects previously unmeasured risk of heart attack and stroke

Platelets are circulating cell fragments known to clump up and form blood clots that stop bleeding in injured vessels. Cardiologists have long known that platelets can become “hyperreactive” to cause abnormal clotting that blocks arteries and contributes to heart attack, stroke, and poor blood flow (peripheral artery disease) in the legs of millions of Americans. Despite this major contribution to cardiovascular risk, routine measurement of whether each patient’s platelets clump (aggregate) too much has been infeasible to date. ...

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Medicine

New international Pioneer Centre for medical data research

Can research on diseases as diverse as, for example, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders and endometriosis be linked? The answer is yes if the research focuses on collecting and analysing large amounts of data from both Danish and international registers and biobanks to learn more about, among other things, risk factors, relationships, patterns, treatment and consequences. And this is exactly what a new international Pioneer Centre, The Pioneer Centre for SMARTbiomed (Statistical and Computational Methods for Advanced Research ...

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NIH awards $6.9 million to advance potential Alzheimer’s disease treatment
Medicine

NIH awards $6.9 million to advance potential Alzheimer’s disease treatment

A multidisciplinary team of scientists led by Carlo Ballatore, Ph.D., at University of California San Diego and Kurt Brunden, Ph.D., at the University of Pennsylvania has been awarded a $6.9 million grant from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to prepare a potential disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatment for future clinical trials. In a recently published study about the new compound, called CNDR-51997, the team found it was effective in restoring brain health in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. CNDR-51997 was identified through a joint drug discovery program at Penn and UC San Diego that was supported by grants from the NIA. The ...

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iSN04: A novel nucleic acid drug for the treatment of vascular diseases
Medicine

iSN04: A novel nucleic acid drug for the treatment of vascular diseases

Atherosclerosis, a major cause of mortality worldwide, involves an overgrowth of vascular smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels, constraining blood flow and potentially causing cardiovascular diseases. Against this backdrop, researchers from Shinshu University recently developed a DNA aptamer called iSN04 that targets and counteracts with the protein nucleolin in smooth muscle cells. This anti-nucleolin aptamer helps maintain smooth muscle cells in a differentiated state, offering new treatment potential for atherosclerosis and other vascular ...

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New computational methodology to predict the complex formation of interesting nanostructures
Technology

New computational methodology to predict the complex formation of interesting nanostructures

Researchers from the group of Prof. Carles Bo, at the Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), have described a computational methodology that simulates complex processes involving different chemical species and diverse conditions. These processes lead to the formation of nanostructures called polyoxometalates (POMs), with important applications in catalysis, energy storage, biology and medicine. "Our group has recently developed unique methods to study the chemistry of polyoxometalates in solution, their speciation and formation ...

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Novel ratchet with geometrically symmetric gear driven by asymmetric surface wettability
Science

Novel ratchet with geometrically symmetric gear driven by asymmetric surface wettability

The ratchet mechanism is a fascinating energy-conversion system that converts disorderly or random motion into orderly, directed movement through a process known as spontaneous rectification. It is a critical component of mechanical systems, typically consisting of a gear and a pawl, which restricts the movement of the gear in one direction. In biological systems, the concept of a Brownian ratchet has been proposed to help understand the mechanism of molecular motors, where chemical reactions rectify the random thermal motion of molecules. According to the second law of thermodynamics, uniform thermal ...

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Porous-DeepONet: A deep learning framework for efficiently solving reaction-transport equations in porous media
Technology

Porous-DeepONet: A deep learning framework for efficiently solving reaction-transport equations in porous media

Porous media play a critical role in various industrial fields due to their complex pore networks and considerable specific surface areas. The transport and reaction phenomena within porous media are key factors influencing fundamental parameters such as energy storage efficiency, catalytic performance, and adsorption rates. To accurately describe these complex transport and reaction processes, solving parameterized partial differential equations (PDEs) is necessary. However, due to the complex structure of porous media, traditional methods, such as the finite element method ...

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Science

Association for Molecular Pathology files lawsuit against FDA to challenge final rule on regulation for laboratory developed testing procedures

ROCKVILLE, Md. – August 19, 2024 – The Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), the premier global molecular diagnostic professional society, and world-renowned pathologist Michael Laposata, MD, PhD, today announced the filing of a lawsuit challenging the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Rule that regulates laboratory developed test (LDT) procedures as medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas against the FDA; Robert M. Califf, MD, in his official capacity as Commissioner of Food and Drugs; the U.S. Department of Health ...

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Using AI to find the polymers of the future
Technology

Using AI to find the polymers of the future

Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar. These are just a few familiar polymers — large-molecule chemical compounds — that have changed the world. From Teflon-coated frying pans to 3D printing, polymers are vital to creating the systems that make the world function better. Finding the next groundbreaking polymer is always a challenge, but now Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence (AI) to shape and transform the future of the field. Rampi Ramprasad’s group develops and adapts ...

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Salk Professor Rusty Gage awarded 2024 Taylor International Prize in Medicine
Medicine

Salk Professor Rusty Gage awarded 2024 Taylor International Prize in Medicine

LA JOLLA (August 14, 2024)—Professor Rusty Gage has been awarded the 2024 J. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine by the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry and the Robarts Research Institute at Western University. One of the most prestigious medical research awards in Canada, the Taylor Prize recognizes scientists for transformative, career-defining work in basic sciences, translational research, and medical innovations. This year’s prize specifically honors a research leader in aging-related medical science and research—a long-term focus of Gage and his lab. Gage will receive $50,000 and be celebrated at a Robarts Research ...

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Heart data unlocks sleep secrets
Medicine

Heart data unlocks sleep secrets

We know that quality sleep is as essential to survival as food and water. Yet, despite spending a third of our lives in slumber, it largely remains a scientific mystery. Not that experts haven’t tried. Sleep analysis, also known as polysomnography, is used to diagnose sleep disorders by recording multiple types of data, including brain (electroencephalogram or EEG) and heart (electrocardiogram or ECG). Typically, patients are hooked up to dozens of sensors and wires in a clinic, tracking brain, ...

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Development of a model capable of predicting the cycle lives of high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries
Energy

Development of a model capable of predicting the cycle lives of high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries

1. NIMS and SoftBank Corp. have jointly developed a model capable of predicting the cycle lives of high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries by applying machine learning methods to battery performance data. The model proved able to accurately estimate batteries’ longevity by analyzing their charge, discharge and voltage relaxation process data without relying on any assumption about specific battery degradation mechanisms. The technique is expected to be useful in improving the safety and reliability of devices powered by lithium-metal batteries. 2. Lithium-metal ...

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UVA Engineering Professor’s $600,000 grant set to innovate pediatric brain tumor treatment
Medicine

UVA Engineering Professor’s $600,000 grant set to innovate pediatric brain tumor treatment

Natasha Sheybani, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Virginia School of Engineering, will collaborate with researchers at Children’s National Hospital to study the combination of two therapies for pediatric brain cancer. High-risk brain tumors in children often don’t respond well to existing chemotherapy and radiation treatments, but Sheybani and her collaborators hope their fusion of therapies will offer a better option. Over the two-year project, researchers ...

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Illinois researchers develop index to quantify circular bioeconomy
Social Science

Illinois researchers develop index to quantify circular bioeconomy

URBANA, Ill. – As the world faces the challenges of mitigating climate change and providing resources for a growing population, there is increasing focus on developing circular economies for sustainable production. But to evaluate strategies and impacts, it is necessary to have reliable metrics. Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have developed a Circularity Index that provides a comprehensive method to quantify circularity in bioeconomic systems. In a new paper, they outline the method and apply it to two case studies – a corn/soybean farming operation and the entire U.S. food and agriculture system. “The ...

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Less severe forest fires can reduce intensity of future blazes
Science

Less severe forest fires can reduce intensity of future blazes

Not all forest fires have devastating effects. Low- and moderate-severity forest wildfires can reduce the intensity of future conflagrations for as long as 20 years in certain climates, according to new research by the University of California, Davis. The extent of reduced severity of these second fires, or reburns, and the duration of the moderating effect, varies by climate, forest type and other factors. But initial fires continue to mitigate future severity even during extreme weather, such as wind, high temperatures and drought, research published in the journal Ecological ...

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Electric reactor could cut industrial emissions
Environment

Electric reactor could cut industrial emissions

Currently, industrial processes in the U.S. account for approximately a third of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions – even more than the annual emissions from passenger vehicles, trucks, and airplanes combined. Decarbonizing this sector is a challenging but vital step in mitigating impacts on our future climate. Researchers at Stanford Engineering have designed and demonstrated a new type of thermochemical reactor that is capable of generating the immense amounts of heat required for many industrial processes using electricity instead of burning fossil fuels. The design, published Aug. ...

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Medicine

Causal relationship between PECAM-1 level and cardiovascular diseases

https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/CVIA.2024.0032 Announcing a new article publication for Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications journal. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) is present in the vascular endothelium and plays important roles in various biological processes. Several recent studies have reported associations between PECAM-1 and certain subtypes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, further research is necessary to clarify the causal effects of PECAM-1 on CVDs. To determine whether PECAM-1 and CVDs are causally ...

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